Electrophoretic patterns of salivary hemeproteins (nitrophorines) of Rhodnius colombiensis and R. prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae)
Keywords:
Rhodnius, Triatominae, saliva, Colombia
Abstract
Introduction. Salivary hemeprotein electrophoresis in starch gels is a recent technique used for differentiation of Rhodnius species with great phenotypic similarity. Furthermore, populations of the same species can be differentiated from geographically separated locales. Of the 15 described Rhodnius species in Latin America, at least eight have been reported in Colombia.Objective. To use the salivary hemeproteins electrophoresis for R. prolixus and R. colombiensis identification. These two species are phenotypically similar and have overlapping domestic and sylvatic cycles where they occur in the upper basin of the Magdalena river, Central Colombia.
Material and methods. The content of salivary glands of each insect was subjected to starch gel electrophoresis using glycine buffer, and the bands were revealed with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. Band patterns were photographically recorded.
Results. Electrophoretic patterns of salivary hemeproteins of R. prolixus and R. colombiensis were able to unequivocally differentiate the two species.
Conclusion. The usefulness of the starch gel technique for distinguishing between R. prolixus and R. colombiensis was demonstrated as an additional tool to the morphometric and molecular methods already in use for differentiation of these two species.
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References
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11. Ribeiro JM, Hazzard JM, Nussenzveig RH, Champagne DE, Walker FA. Reversible binding of nitric oxide by a salivary heme protein from a bloodsucking insect. Science 1993;260:539-41.
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13. Ascenzi P, Nardini M, Bolognesi M, Montfort WR. Nitrophorins. Lipocalin-based heme proteins transporting nitric oxide. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2002;30:68-71.
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16. Ribeiro JM, Schneider M, Guimarães JA. Purification and characterization of prolixin S (nitrophorin 2), the salivary anticoagulant of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Biochem J 1995;308:243-9.
17. Moreira FM, Coelho HS, Zingali RB, Oliveira PL, Masuda H. Changes in salivary nitrophorin profile during the life cycle of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003;33:23-8.
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23. Dujardin JP, Chavez T, Moreno JM, Machane M, Noireau F, Schofield CJ. Comparison of izoenzyme electrophoresis and morphometric analysis for phylogenetic reconstruction of the Rhodniini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). J Med Entomol 1999;36:653-9.
24. Catalá S, Schofield C. Antennal sensilla of Rhodnius. J Morphol 1994;219:193-203.
25. Stothard JR, Yamamoto Y, Cherchi A, Garcia AL, Valente SA, Schofield CJ, et al. A preliminary survey of mitochondrial sequence variation in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) using polymerase chain reaction-based single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing. Bull Entomol Res 1998;88:553-60.
26. Lyman DF, Monteiro FA, Escalante AA, Cordon-Rosales C, Wesson DM, Dujardin JP, et al. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among triatomine vectors of Chagas disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60:377-86.
27. Jurberg J. Uma abordagem filogenética entre os Triatomineos baseada nas estruturas fálicas. In: Schofield CJ, Dujardin JP, Jurberg J, editors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on
Population Biology and Control of Triatominae, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Mexico D.F: INDRE; 1996. p.45-50.
28. Soares RP, Gontijo NF, Romanha AJ, Diotaiuti L, Pereira MH. Salivary heme proteins distinguish Rhodnius prolixus from Rhodnius robustus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Acta Trop 1998;71:285-91.
29. Soares RP, Sant'Anna MR, Gontijo NF, Romanha AJ, Diotaiuti L, Pereira MH. Identification of morphologically similar Rhodnius species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) by electrophoresis of salivary heme proteins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;62:157-61.
30. WHO. Control of Chagas' disease. Geneve: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 811; 1991. p.95.
31. Schofield CJ, Dujardin JP. Theories on the evolution of Rhodnius. Actualidades Biológicas 1999;21:183-97.
32. Jaramillo C, Montaña MF, Castro LR, Vallejo GA, Guhl F. Differentiation and genetic analysis of Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius colombiensis by rDNA and RAPD amplification. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001;96:1043-8.
2. Ribeiro JM. Role of saliva in blood feeding by arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol 1987;32:463-78.
3. Law JH, Ribeiro JM, Wells MA. Biochemical insights derived from diversity in insects. Annu Rev Biochem 1992;61:87-111.
4. Montfort WR, Weichsel A, Andersen JF. Nitrophorins and related antihemostatic lipocalins from Rhodnius prolixus and other blood-sucking arthropods. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1482:110-8.
5. Francischetti IM, Ribeiro JM, Champagne D, Andersen J. Purification, cloning, expression and mechanism of action of a novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from salivary gland of the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. J Biol Chem 2000;275:12639-50.
6. Sarkis JJ, Guimarães JA, Ribeiro JM. Salivary apyrase of Rhodnius prolixus. Kinetics and purification. Biochem J 1986;233:885-91.
7. Champagne DE, Nussenzveig RH, Ribeiro JM. Purification, partial characterization and cloning of nitric oxide-carrying hemeproteins (nitrophorins) from salivary glands of the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus. J Biol Chem 1995;270:8691-5.
8. Andersen JF, Montfort WR. The crystal structure of Nitrophorin 2. A trifunctional antihemostatic protein from the saliva of Rhodnius prolixus. J Biol Chem 2000;275:30496-503.
9. Valenzuela JG, Walker FA, Ribeiro JM. A salivary nitrophorin (nitric-oxide-carrying hemoprotein) in the bedbug Cimex lectularius. J Exp Biol 1995;198:1519-26.
10. Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JM. Purification and cloning of the salivary nitrophorin from the hemipteran Cimex lectularius. J Exp Biol 1998;201:2659-64.
11. Ribeiro JM, Hazzard JM, Nussenzveig RH, Champagne DE, Walker FA. Reversible binding of nitric oxide by a salivary heme protein from a bloodsucking insect. Science 1993;260:539-41.
12. Ribeiro JM, Walker FA. High affinity histamine-binding and antihistaminic activity of the salivary nitric oxidecarrying heme protein (nitrophorin) of Rhodnius prolixus. J Exp Med 1994;180:2251-7.
13. Ascenzi P, Nardini M, Bolognesi M, Montfort WR. Nitrophorins. Lipocalin-based heme proteins transporting nitric oxide. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2002;30:68-71.
14. Walker FA. Nitric oxide interaction with insect nitrophorins and thoughts on the electron configuration of the {FeNO}6 complex. J Inorg Biochem 2005;99:216-36.
15. Moncada S, Radomski MW, Palmer RM. Endotheliumderived relaxing factor: identification as nitric oxide and role in the control of vascular tone and platelet function. Biochem Pharmacol 1988;37:2495-501.
16. Ribeiro JM, Schneider M, Guimarães JA. Purification and characterization of prolixin S (nitrophorin 2), the salivary anticoagulant of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Biochem J 1995;308:243-9.
17. Moreira FM, Coelho HS, Zingali RB, Oliveira PL, Masuda H. Changes in salivary nitrophorin profile during the life cycle of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003;33:23-8.
18. Lent H, Wygodzinsky P. Revision of Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), and their significance as vectors of Chagas' disease. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 1979;163:123-520.
19. Carcavallo R, Galíndez I, Jurberg J, Lent H. Atlas of Chagas' disease vectors in the Americas. Río de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz; 1998. p.53-72.
20. Moreno J, Galvão C, Jurberg J. Rhodnius colombiensis sp. n. da Colômbia com quadros comparativos entre estructuras fálicas do género Rhodnius Stal. 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Entomol Vect 1999;6:601-17.
21. Harry M, Galíndez I, Cariou ML. Isoenzyme variability and differentiation between Rhodnius prolixus, R. robustus and R. pictipes, vectors of Chagas disease in Venezuela. Med Vet Entomol 1992;6:37-43.
22. Chavez T, Moreno J, Dujardin JP. Isoenzyme electrophoresis of Rhodnius species: a phenetic approach to relationships within the genus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999;93:299-307.
23. Dujardin JP, Chavez T, Moreno JM, Machane M, Noireau F, Schofield CJ. Comparison of izoenzyme electrophoresis and morphometric analysis for phylogenetic reconstruction of the Rhodniini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). J Med Entomol 1999;36:653-9.
24. Catalá S, Schofield C. Antennal sensilla of Rhodnius. J Morphol 1994;219:193-203.
25. Stothard JR, Yamamoto Y, Cherchi A, Garcia AL, Valente SA, Schofield CJ, et al. A preliminary survey of mitochondrial sequence variation in Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) using polymerase chain reaction-based single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing. Bull Entomol Res 1998;88:553-60.
26. Lyman DF, Monteiro FA, Escalante AA, Cordon-Rosales C, Wesson DM, Dujardin JP, et al. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among triatomine vectors of Chagas disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60:377-86.
27. Jurberg J. Uma abordagem filogenética entre os Triatomineos baseada nas estruturas fálicas. In: Schofield CJ, Dujardin JP, Jurberg J, editors. Proceedings of the International Workshop on
Population Biology and Control of Triatominae, Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Mexico D.F: INDRE; 1996. p.45-50.
28. Soares RP, Gontijo NF, Romanha AJ, Diotaiuti L, Pereira MH. Salivary heme proteins distinguish Rhodnius prolixus from Rhodnius robustus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). Acta Trop 1998;71:285-91.
29. Soares RP, Sant'Anna MR, Gontijo NF, Romanha AJ, Diotaiuti L, Pereira MH. Identification of morphologically similar Rhodnius species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) by electrophoresis of salivary heme proteins. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;62:157-61.
30. WHO. Control of Chagas' disease. Geneve: World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 811; 1991. p.95.
31. Schofield CJ, Dujardin JP. Theories on the evolution of Rhodnius. Actualidades Biológicas 1999;21:183-97.
32. Jaramillo C, Montaña MF, Castro LR, Vallejo GA, Guhl F. Differentiation and genetic analysis of Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius colombiensis by rDNA and RAPD amplification. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001;96:1043-8.
How to Cite
1.
Arévalo A, Carranza JC, Guhl F, Vallejo GA. Electrophoretic patterns of salivary hemeproteins (nitrophorines) of Rhodnius colombiensis and R. prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae). Biomed. [Internet]. 2007 Jan. 1 [cited 2025 Apr. 5];27(1esp):137-42. Available from: https://revistabiomedicaorg.biteca.online/index.php/biomedica/article/view/257
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