Bioethics and public policies in neonatal screening in the United States, United Kingdom, and Colombia

Abstract

Introduction: Thinking about how neonatal screening should be done requires explaining the relevance of the bioethical factors involved.
Objective: To understand the relationship between bioethical considerations and the way neonatal screening is done and to identify its relevance in the Colombian legislation.
Materials and methods: A comparative study of public policies in the United States and the United Kingdom was done, as they exemplify extreme cases of neonatal screening. The influence of bioethical principles was interpreted based on similarities and differences. With this information, locally affected bioethical considerations were identified in the Colombian legislation on neonatal screening.
Results: In the United Kingdom, paternal autonomy prevails allowing parents to deny obligatory beneficence. In the USA, beneficence prevails and a significant number of anomalies must be screened for. This increases the likelihood of false positives and causes a high opportunity cost. Both countries have similarities which are also partially accepted in Colombia, such as the demand for equity of access. Others, such as specialized professional advice or the right to refuse screening, are not considered in the Colombian legislation on neonatal screening. Additionally, there are circumstances in Colombia such as different perspectives on what respecting justice means and how to apply that in choosing which abnormalities are screened for and lack of harmony between norms that prevents efficacious detection.
Conclusion: Bioethical considerations explain the differences between countries and sometimes prevail in the development of public policies on neonatal screening. Their inclusion in high-level norms in Colombia for effective screening is proposed.