Helminth eggs as parasitic indicators of fecal contamination in agricultural irrigation water, biosolids, soils and pastures
Abstract
Introduction: A very common practice in agriculture is the disposal of wastewater and biosolids from water treatment systems due to their high nutrient content, which substantially improves crop yields. However, the presence of pathogens of fecal origin creates a sanitary risk to farmers and consumers.
Objective: To determine the presence and concentration of helminth eggs in irrigation waters, biosolids, agricultural soils, and pastures.
Materials and methods: Water, biosolids, soil, and pasture samples were collected and analyzed for helminth egg detection, total eggs and viable eggs counts. The behavior of helminth eggs was evaluated in irrigation waters and dairy cattle grassland, where biosolids had been used as an organic amendment.
Results: Concentrations between 0.1-3 total helminth eggs/L, and 0.1-1 viable helminth eggs/L were found in water. In biosolids and soil, we found 3-22 total helminth eggs/4 g of dry weight, and 2-12 viable helminth eggs/4 g of dry weight, and in grass, we found <2-9 total helminth eggs/g of fresh weight, and <1-3 viable helminth eggs/g of fresh weight. The presence of helminth eggs in each matrix varied from days to months, which may represent a sanitary risk to farmers as well as to consumers.
Conclusions: The presence of helminth eggs in the assessed matrixes confirms the sanitary risk of such practices. Therefore, it is important to control and incorporate regulations related to the use of wastewater and biosolids in agriculture.
Downloads
References
Jiménez B. Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse. Water Sci Technol. 2007;55:485-93.
Jiménez B, Barrios A, Maya C. Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for advanced and conventional sanitation. Water Sci Technol. 2007;56:43-51.
Nelson K, Darby J. Inactivation of viable Ascaris eggs by reagents during enumeration. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:5453-9. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.12.5453-5459.2001
Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J. Determination of the parasitic contamination of irrigated vegetables. Water Sci Technol. 1993;27:295-302.
Jiménez B. Helminth ova control in sludge: A review. Water Sci Technol. 2007;56:147-55.
Maya C, Torner F, Lucario E, Hernández E, Jiménez B. Viability of six species of larval and non-larval helminth eggs for different conditions of temperature, pH and dryness. Water Res. 2012;46:4770-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.06.014
Environmental Protection Agency. Biosolids generation use and disposal in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency; 1999. p. 1-57.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Volume II. Wastewater use in agriculture. Geneve: WHO; 2006. p. 191.
Mahvi A, Kia E. Helminth eggs in raw and treated wastewater in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterranean Health J. 2006;12:137-43.
Agudelo S, Gómez L, Coronado X, Orozco A, Valencia C, Restrepo L, et al. Prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales y factores asociados en un corregimiento de la Costa Atlántica Colombiana. Rev Salud Pública. 2008;10:633-42. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642008000400013
Navarro I, Jiménez B, Cifuentes E, Lucario S. Application of helminth ova infection dose curve to estimate the risks associated with biosolid application on soil. J Water Health.2009;7:31-44. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.113
American Public Health Association. Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 20th edition. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association; 2005. p. 321-2.
Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial. Norma oficial mexicana. Determinación de huevos de helminto- Método de prueba. NMX-AA-113-SCFI. México: Diario Oficial; 1999. p. 1-11.
Secretaría de Comercio y Fomento Industrial. Norma oficial mexicana. Lodos y biosólidos. Especificaciones y límites máximos permisibles de contaminantes para su aprovechamiento y disposición final. NOM-004-ECOL. México:Diario Oficial; 2002. p. 18-60.
Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. Manual de métodos analíticos. Instructivo para toma de muestras de suelo. Bogotá: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi; 2007. p. 4-5.
Centro de Investigaciones y Asesorías Agropecuarias. Instructivo de toma de muestras para tejido vegetal del laboratorio de fertilidad de suelos, foliares y agua. Bogotá: Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano; 2006. p. 4-5.
Kozan E, Gonenc B, Sarimehmetoglu O, Hasan A. Prevalence of helminth eggs on raw vegetables used for salads. Food Control. 2005;16:239-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.02.005
República de Colombia. Resolución 1207 de 2014. Uso de aguas tratadas. Fecha de consulta: 10 de abril de 2015. Disponible en: http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=59135
República de Colombia. Decreto 1287 de 2014. Uso de biosólidos generados en plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas. Fecha de consulta: 10 de abril de 2015. Disponible en: http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Decretos/2014/Documents/JULIO/10/DECRETO%201287%20DEL%2010%20DE%20JULIO%20DE%202014.pdf
Epstein E. Pathogen health aspects of land application. BioCycle. 1998;39:62-7.
Fernández J, Reyes P, Moncada L, López M, Chávez M, Knodson A, et al. Tendencia y prevalencia de la geohelmintiasis en La Virgen, Colombia. 1995-2005. Rev Salud Pública. 2007;9:289-96. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642007000200012.
Ordóñez LE, Angulo ES. Desnutrición y su relación con parasitismo intestinal en niños de una población de la Amazonia colombiana. Biomédica. 2002;22:486-98. https://doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v22i4.1175
Yánez LD, Pérez OG. Estudio de la presencia de formas de resistencia parasitaria (helmintos) en el río Pamplonita, Norte de Santander (Colombia). Revista Clon UniPamplona. 2004;2:98-102.
Sengupta M, Andersen T, Dalsgaard A, Olsen A, Thamsborg S. Resuspension and settling of helmint eggs in water: Interactions with cohesive sediments. Water Res. 2012;46:3903-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.033
Mara D, Sleigh A. Estimation of Ascaris infection risk in children under 15 from the consumption of wastewaterirrigate carrots. J Water Health. 2010;8:35-8.
Jiménez B, Maya C, Galván M. Helminth ova control in wastewater and sludge for advanced and conventional sanitation. Water Sci Technol. 2007;56:43-51.
Chávez A, Jiménez B, Maya C. Particle size distribution as a useful tool for microbial detection. Water Sci Technol. 2004;50:179-86.
Jiménez J, Chávez A. Removal of helminth eggs in an advanced primary treatment with sludge blanket. Environ Technol. 1998;19:1061-71.
Ginneken M, Oron G. Risk assessment of consuming agricultural products irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. An exposure model. Water Resour Res. 2000;36:2691-9.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900106
Ayres R, Stott R, Lee D, Mara D, Silva S. Comparison of techniques for the enumeration of human parasitic helminth eggs in treated wastewater. Environ Technol. 1991;12:617-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593339109385048
Ayers R, Stott R, Mara D, Lee D. Wastewater reuse in agriculture and the risk of intestinal nematode infection. Parasitol Today. 1992;8:32-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-
(92)90309-P
Caccio S, Giacomo M, Aulicino F, Pozio E. Giardia cysts in wastewater treatment plants in Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:3393-8. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.6.3393-
2003
Özlem E, Sener H. The contamination of various fruit and vegetable with Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris eggs, Entamoeba histolytica cyst and Giardia cysts. Food Control. 2015;16:559-62.
Johnson P, Dixon R, Ross A. An in-vitro test for assessing the viability of Ascaris suum eggs exposed to various sewage treatment processes. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28:723-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00210-5
Schwartzbrod J, Mathieu C, Thévenot M, Baradel J, Schwartzbrod L. Wastewater sludge: Parasitological and virological contamination. Water Sci Technol. 2002;19:33-40.
Navarro I, Jiménez B, Cifuentes E, Lucario S. Application of helminth ova infection dose curve to estimate the risk associated with biosolid application on soil. J Water Health. 2009;7:31-43. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.113
Cárdenas M, Moreno G, Campos C. Evaluation of fecal contamination indicators (fecal coliforms, somatic coliphages and helminth eggs) in ryegrass sward farming. J Environ Sci Health. Part A. 2009;44:249-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520802597846
Campos C, Beltrán M, Duarte M, Medina L, Lucena F, Jofre J. Abatement of helminth eggs and bacterial and viral indicators in soil after land application of treated sludges. J Water Resour Prot. 2013;5:1155-64. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.512122
National Research Council. Biosolids applied to land: Advancing standards and practices. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2002. p. 345. https://doi.org/10.17226/10426
Gaspard P, Schwartzbrod J, Wiart J, Galvez L, Dumoutier N. Parasitological risk associated with the use of biosolids in agriculture: Nematode egg survival on grass, vegetables
and soils. Beneficial reuse of water and biosolids. Marbella: Water Environment Federation; 1997. p. 17-27.
Storey G, Phillips R. The survival of parasite eggs throughout the soil profile. Parasitology. 1985;91:585-90.
Some similar items:
- Luz Elena Velásquez, Catalina Gómez, Erika Valencia, Laura Salazar, Eudoro Casas, Paragonimosis in the peri-urban zone of Medellín, Antioquia , Biomedica: Vol. 28 No. 3 (2008)
- Sandra Milena Arias, Lina Marcela Salazar, Eudoro Casas, Alexandra Henao, Luz Elena Velásquez, Paragonimus sp. in crabs and awareness of the educational community to aquatic ecosystems in La Miel and La Clara, Caldas, Antioquia , Biomedica: Vol. 31 No. 2 (2011)
- Luis Caraballo, Josefina Zakzuk, The evolution of the Th2 immune responses and its relationships with parasitic diseases and allergy , Biomedica: Vol. 32 No. 1 (2012)
- Jaiberth Cardona-Arias, Luz Peláez-Vanegas, Juan López-Saldarriaga, Marcela Duque-Molina, Oscar Leal-Álvarez, Health related quality of life in adults with HIV/AIDS in Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 31 No. 4 (2011)
- Biviana Andrea Duque, Diego Aranzazu, Piedad Agudelo-Flórez, Andrés F. Londoño, Víctor H. Quiroz, Juan David Rodas, Rattus norvegicus as an indicator of circulation of Capillaria hepatica and Taenia taeniaeformis on a groceries trade center of Medellín, Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 32 No. 4 (2012)
- María Isabel Giraldo, Nora Lizeth García, Jhon Carlos Castaño, Prevalence of intestinal helminths in dogs from Quindío Province. , Biomedica: Vol. 25 No. 3 (2005)
- Claudia Lucía Figueroa, Margarita Gélvez, Jürg Niederbacher, Regulators of endothelial integrity as severity predictors in dengue , Biomedica: Vol. 36 (2016): Suplemento 2, Enfermedades virales
- Isabel Pérez-Olmos, Delia Bustamante, Milcíades Ibáñez-Pinilla, Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) polymorphism and major depressive disorder in patients in Bogotá, Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 36 No. 2 (2016)
- Marlene Reyes, Ángela Torres, Lyda Esteban, Mónica Flórez, Víctor Manuel Angulo, Risk of transmission of Chagas disease by intrusion of triatomines and wild mammals in Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 37 No. 1 (2017)
- Camila Montoya, Liza M. Arias, Mónica Salazar, Rodrigo Restrepo, Water-induced dermatosis: Aquagenic keratoderma. A case report , Biomedica: Vol. 39 No. 2 (2019)
| Article metrics | |
|---|---|
| Abstract views | |
| Galley vies | |
| PDF Views | |
| HTML views | |
| Other views | |
