Microflora subgingival en periodontitis crónica y agresiva en Bogotá, Colombia: un acercamiento epidemiológico
Palabras clave:
periodontitis/epidemiología, Porphyromonas gingivalis, bacterias anaerobias, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae
Resumen
Introducción. Los microorganismos involucrados en la periodontitis varían en cada región dependiendo de diferentes factores. Por ello cada país debe establecer su propio perfil microbiológico con el objeto de proponer esquemas adecuados de prevención y tratamiento.Objetivo. Investigar la presencia y concentración subgingival de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens, Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter rectus, Micromonas micros, Fusobacterium spp, Dialister pneumosintes y bacilos entéricos en pacientes con periodontitis en una población colombiana considerando edad, género y nivel socioeconómico.
Materiales y métodos. Participaron 183 pacientes: 84 con periodontitis crónica, 59 con periodontitis agresiva y 40 individuos sanos. De cada paciente se obtuvo un grupo de muestras de los seis sitios con mayor profundidad de bolsa que se procesaron por cultivo para el aislamiento e identificación de las bacterias.
Resultados. En periodontitis crónica y agresiva se detectaron con alta y similar frecuencia P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, P. intermedia/P. nigrescens, C. rectus, Fusobacterium spp y E. corrodens y con menor y similar frecuencia, M. micros, A. actinomycetemcomitans, D. pneumosintes y bacilos entéricos, principalmente de la tribu Klebsielleae. En los sujetos sanos se encontraron con frecuencia elevada P. intermedia/P. nigrescens, C. rectus y Fusobacterium spp y con frecuencia moderada, M. micros y E. corrodens.
Conclusión. Los resultados indican que P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, P. intermedia/P. nigrescens, C. rectus, Fusobacterium spp y E. corrodens constituyen parte importante del perfil microbiológico
de las periodontitis en la población colombiana. En la periodontitis agresiva, P. gingivalis se encontró más frecuentemente que A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Referencias bibliográficas
1. American Academy of Periodontology. International Workshop for a classification of periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol 1999;4:8-38.
2. Hamlet SM, Cullinan MP, Westerman B, Lindeman M, Bird PS, Palmer J et al. Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphy-romonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in an Australian population. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:1163-71.
3. Mombelli A, Gmür R, Frey J, Meyer J, Zee KY, Tam JO et al. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in young Chinese adults. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998;13:231-7.
4. Papapanou PN, Baelum V, Luan WM, Madianos PN, Chen X, Fejerskov O et al. Subgingival microbiota in adult Chinese: Prevalence and relation to periodontal disease progression. J Periodontol 1997;68:651-66.
5. Timmerman MF, Van der Weijden GA, Armand S, Abbas F, Winkel EG, Van Winkelhoff AJ et al. Untreated periodontal disease in Indonesian adolescents. Clinical and microbiological baseline data. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:215-24.
6. Ali RW, Velcescu C, Jivanescu MC, Lofthus B, Skaug N. Prevalence of 6 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque samples from Romanian adult periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol
1996;23:133-9.
7. Albandar JM. Periodontal diseases in North America. Periodontol 2000 2002;29:31-69.
8. Tovar S, Zúñiga E, Franco A, Jacome S, Ruiz J. III Estudio Nacional en Salud Bucal (ENSAB III). Bogotá: Ministerio de Salud y Centro Nacional de Consultoría CNC; 1999.
9. Shigueo F, Raslan SA, Cortelli JR. Microbial characteristics in periodontal health and disease. Taubate, Brasil: Departamento de Odontología, Universidade de Taubate; 2003.
10. Wilson M. Bacterial biofilms and human disease. Sci Prog 2001;84:235-54.
11. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:134-44.
12. Ali RW, Bakken V, Nilsen R, Skaug N. Comparative detection frequency of 6 putative periodontal pathogens in Sudanese and Norwegian adult periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 1994;65:1046-52.
13. Sanz M, van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Dellemijn-Kippuw N, Simon R, Winkel E. Differences in the composition of the subgingival microbiota of two periodontitis population of different geographical origin. A comparison between Spain and The Netherlands. Eur J Oral Sci 2000;108:383-92.
14. Ashimoto A, Chen C, Bakker I, Slots J. Polymerase chain reaction detection of 8 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of gingivitis and advanced periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1996;11:266-73.
15. Slots J, Bragd L, Wikström M, Dahlén G. The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius in destructive periodontal disease in adults. J Clin Periodontol 1986;13:570-7.
16. Macuch PJ, Tanner AC. Campylobacter species in health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. J Dent Res 2000;79:785-92.
17. Tanner A, Maiden MF, Macuch PJ, Murray LL, Kent RL Jr. Microbiota of health, gingivitis and initial periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:85-98.
18. Slots J, Feik D, Rams TE. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Acinetobacter in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1990;5:149-54.
19. Chen CK, Wilson ME. Eikenella corrodens in human oral and non-oral infections: A review. J Periodontol 1992;63:941-53.
20. Nonnenmacher C, Mutters R, Jacoby LF. Microbiological characteristics of subgingival microbiota in adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis subjects. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7:213-7.
21. Müller HP, Heinecke A, Fuhrmann A, Eger T, Zöller L. Intraoral distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in young adults with minimal periodontal disease. J Periodont Res 2001;36:114-23.
22. Müller HP, Heinecke A, Borneff M, Knopf A, Kiencke C, Pohl S. Microbial ecology of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens and Capnocytophaga spp in adult periodontitis. J Periodont Res 1997;32:530-42.
23. van Winkelhoff AJ, Loos BG, van der Reijden Wa, van der Velden U. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and other putative periodontal pathogens in subjects with and without periodontal
destruction. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:1023-8.
24. Sedgley CM, Samaranayake LP, Chan JC, Wei SH. A 4-year longitudinal study of the oral prevalence of enteric gram-negative rods and yeasts in Chinese children. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1997;12:183-8.
25. Takeuchi Y, Umeda M, Ishizuka M, Huang Y, Ishikawa I. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Japanese population. J Periodontol 2003;74:1460-9.
26. Mayanagy G, Sato T, Shimauchi H, Takahashi N. Detection frequency of periodontitis-associated bacteria by polymerase chain reaction in subgingival and supragingival plaque of periodontitis and healthy subjects. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:379-85.
27. Dogan B, Antinheimo J, Cetiner D, Bodur A, Emingil G, Buduneli E et al. Subgingival microflora in Turkish patients with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003;74:803-14.
28. Ali RW, Johannessen AC, Dahlen J, Socransky SS, Skaug N. Comparison of the subgingival microbiota of periodontally healthy and diseased adults in Northern Cameroon. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:830-5.
29. Ali RW, Skaug N, Nilsen R, Bakken V. Microbial associations of 4 putative periodontal pathogens in Sudanese adult periodontitis patients determined by DNA probes analysis. J Peridontol 1994;65:1053-7
30. Dahlen G, Manji F, Baelum V, Fejerskov O. Black pigmented bacteroides species and A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque of adult Kenyans. J Clin Periodontol 1989;16:305-10.
31. Slots J, Rams TE, Feik D, Taveras HD, Gillespie GM. Subgingival microflora of advanced periodontitis in the Dominican Republic. J Periodontol 1991;62:543-7.
32. Barbosa FC, Mayer MP, Saba-Chuifi E, Cai S. Subgingival occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads from Brazilian periodontitis patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol
2001;16:306-10.
33. Cortelli JR, Cortelli SC, Jordan S, Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ. Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in Brazilians with aggressive or chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:860-6.
34. Klein MI, Goncalves RB. Detection of Tannerella forsythensis (Bacteroides forsythus) and Porphyromonas gingivalis by polymerase chain reaction in subjects with different periodontal status. J Periodontol 2003;74:798-802.
35. Gajardo M, Silva N, Gómez L, León R, Parra B, Contreras A et al. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Chilean population. J Periodontol 2005;76:289-94.
36. López NJ. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in progressive adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 2000;71:948-54.
37. López NJ, Mellado JC, Leighton GX. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia in juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1996;23:101-5.
38. Nogueira MA, Fernandez CL, Furman C, Chiappe V, Marcantoni M, Bianchini H. Clinical and microbiological study of adult periodontal disease. Rev Argent Microbiol 2001;33:133-40.
39. Departamento Administrativo de Planeación Distrital. Estratificación. [Consultada: mayo 5 de 2006]. Disponible en: http://www.dapd.gov.co/www/section-1950.jsp
40. Slots J. Rapid identification of important periodontal microorganisms by cultivation. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1986;1:48-57.
41. Chen C, Slots J. Microbiological tests for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999;20:53-64.
42. Slots J. Detection of colonies of Bacteroides gingivalis by a rapid fluorescence assay for trypsin-like activity. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987;2:139-41.
43. Almaguer-Flores A, Jacobo-Soto V, Sánchez-Vargas LO, Lara-Córdoba M, Alcántara-Maruri E, Ximénez-Fyvie LA. Descripción de la microbiota subgingival de sujetos mexicanos con periodontitis
crónica. Rev Odont Mex 2005;9:7-15.
44. Zambon JJ. Periodontal disease: Microbial factors. Ann Periodontol 1996;1:879-925.
45. Loesche WJ. DNA probe and enzyme analysis in periodontal diagnostics. J Periodontol 1992;63(12 Suppl):1102-9.
46. Dahlen G, Widar F, Teanpaisan R, Papapanou PN, Baelum V, Fejerskov O. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a rural adult population in Southern Thailand. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002;
17:137-42.
47. Choi BK, Park SH, Yoo JY, Choi SH, Chai JK, Cho KS et al . Detection of major putative periodontopathogens in Korean advanced adult periodontitis patients using a nucleic acid based approach. J
Periodontol 2000;71:1387-94.
48. Van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Reijerse E, Wolffe GN, van Winkelhoff AJ, Van der Velden U. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia in selected subjects with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:583-8.
49. Kamma JJ, Nakou M, Gmür R, Baehnl PC. Microbiological profile of early onset/aggressive periodontitis patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:314-21.
50. Mullally BH, Dace B, Shelburne CE, Wolff LF, Coulter WA. Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in localized and generalized forms of early-onset periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2000;35:232-41.
51. van Steenbergen Tj, Van der Velden U, Abbas F, de Graaff J. Microflora and bacterial DNA restriction enzyme analysis in young adults with periodontitis. J Periodontol 1991;62:235-41.
52. Conrads G, Mutters R, Fischer J, Brauner A, Lutticken R, Lampert F. PCR reaction and dot-blot hybridization to monitor the distribution of oral pathogens within plaque samples of periodontally healthy individuals. J Periodontol 1996;67:994-1003.
53. Kuboniwa M, Amano A, Kimura KR, Sekine S, Kato S, Yamamoto Y et al. Quantitative detection of periodontal pathogens using real-time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:168-76.
54. Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Campylobacter rectus in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1993;8;4:230-5
55 Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 1994;5:78-111.
56. Contreras A, Doan N, Chen C, Rusitanonta T, Flynn MJ, Slots J. Importance of Dialister pneumosintes in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000;15:269-72.
57. Kamma JJ, Contreras A, Slots J. Herpes viruses and periodontopathic bacteria in early-onset periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:879-85.
58. Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Martín C, Silva A. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction versus culture: a comparison between two methods for the detection and quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:1061-9.
59. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Savelkoul PH. Comparison of real-time PCR and culture for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4950-4.
2. Hamlet SM, Cullinan MP, Westerman B, Lindeman M, Bird PS, Palmer J et al. Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphy-romonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in an Australian population. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:1163-71.
3. Mombelli A, Gmür R, Frey J, Meyer J, Zee KY, Tam JO et al. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in young Chinese adults. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998;13:231-7.
4. Papapanou PN, Baelum V, Luan WM, Madianos PN, Chen X, Fejerskov O et al. Subgingival microbiota in adult Chinese: Prevalence and relation to periodontal disease progression. J Periodontol 1997;68:651-66.
5. Timmerman MF, Van der Weijden GA, Armand S, Abbas F, Winkel EG, Van Winkelhoff AJ et al. Untreated periodontal disease in Indonesian adolescents. Clinical and microbiological baseline data. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:215-24.
6. Ali RW, Velcescu C, Jivanescu MC, Lofthus B, Skaug N. Prevalence of 6 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque samples from Romanian adult periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol
1996;23:133-9.
7. Albandar JM. Periodontal diseases in North America. Periodontol 2000 2002;29:31-69.
8. Tovar S, Zúñiga E, Franco A, Jacome S, Ruiz J. III Estudio Nacional en Salud Bucal (ENSAB III). Bogotá: Ministerio de Salud y Centro Nacional de Consultoría CNC; 1999.
9. Shigueo F, Raslan SA, Cortelli JR. Microbial characteristics in periodontal health and disease. Taubate, Brasil: Departamento de Odontología, Universidade de Taubate; 2003.
10. Wilson M. Bacterial biofilms and human disease. Sci Prog 2001;84:235-54.
11. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:134-44.
12. Ali RW, Bakken V, Nilsen R, Skaug N. Comparative detection frequency of 6 putative periodontal pathogens in Sudanese and Norwegian adult periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 1994;65:1046-52.
13. Sanz M, van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Dellemijn-Kippuw N, Simon R, Winkel E. Differences in the composition of the subgingival microbiota of two periodontitis population of different geographical origin. A comparison between Spain and The Netherlands. Eur J Oral Sci 2000;108:383-92.
14. Ashimoto A, Chen C, Bakker I, Slots J. Polymerase chain reaction detection of 8 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of gingivitis and advanced periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1996;11:266-73.
15. Slots J, Bragd L, Wikström M, Dahlén G. The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius in destructive periodontal disease in adults. J Clin Periodontol 1986;13:570-7.
16. Macuch PJ, Tanner AC. Campylobacter species in health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. J Dent Res 2000;79:785-92.
17. Tanner A, Maiden MF, Macuch PJ, Murray LL, Kent RL Jr. Microbiota of health, gingivitis and initial periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1998;25:85-98.
18. Slots J, Feik D, Rams TE. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Acinetobacter in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1990;5:149-54.
19. Chen CK, Wilson ME. Eikenella corrodens in human oral and non-oral infections: A review. J Periodontol 1992;63:941-53.
20. Nonnenmacher C, Mutters R, Jacoby LF. Microbiological characteristics of subgingival microbiota in adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis subjects. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7:213-7.
21. Müller HP, Heinecke A, Fuhrmann A, Eger T, Zöller L. Intraoral distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in young adults with minimal periodontal disease. J Periodont Res 2001;36:114-23.
22. Müller HP, Heinecke A, Borneff M, Knopf A, Kiencke C, Pohl S. Microbial ecology of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens and Capnocytophaga spp in adult periodontitis. J Periodont Res 1997;32:530-42.
23. van Winkelhoff AJ, Loos BG, van der Reijden Wa, van der Velden U. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and other putative periodontal pathogens in subjects with and without periodontal
destruction. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:1023-8.
24. Sedgley CM, Samaranayake LP, Chan JC, Wei SH. A 4-year longitudinal study of the oral prevalence of enteric gram-negative rods and yeasts in Chinese children. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1997;12:183-8.
25. Takeuchi Y, Umeda M, Ishizuka M, Huang Y, Ishikawa I. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Japanese population. J Periodontol 2003;74:1460-9.
26. Mayanagy G, Sato T, Shimauchi H, Takahashi N. Detection frequency of periodontitis-associated bacteria by polymerase chain reaction in subgingival and supragingival plaque of periodontitis and healthy subjects. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:379-85.
27. Dogan B, Antinheimo J, Cetiner D, Bodur A, Emingil G, Buduneli E et al. Subgingival microflora in Turkish patients with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003;74:803-14.
28. Ali RW, Johannessen AC, Dahlen J, Socransky SS, Skaug N. Comparison of the subgingival microbiota of periodontally healthy and diseased adults in Northern Cameroon. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:830-5.
29. Ali RW, Skaug N, Nilsen R, Bakken V. Microbial associations of 4 putative periodontal pathogens in Sudanese adult periodontitis patients determined by DNA probes analysis. J Peridontol 1994;65:1053-7
30. Dahlen G, Manji F, Baelum V, Fejerskov O. Black pigmented bacteroides species and A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque of adult Kenyans. J Clin Periodontol 1989;16:305-10.
31. Slots J, Rams TE, Feik D, Taveras HD, Gillespie GM. Subgingival microflora of advanced periodontitis in the Dominican Republic. J Periodontol 1991;62:543-7.
32. Barbosa FC, Mayer MP, Saba-Chuifi E, Cai S. Subgingival occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric rods and pseudomonads from Brazilian periodontitis patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol
2001;16:306-10.
33. Cortelli JR, Cortelli SC, Jordan S, Haraszthy VI, Zambon JJ. Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in Brazilians with aggressive or chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:860-6.
34. Klein MI, Goncalves RB. Detection of Tannerella forsythensis (Bacteroides forsythus) and Porphyromonas gingivalis by polymerase chain reaction in subjects with different periodontal status. J Periodontol 2003;74:798-802.
35. Gajardo M, Silva N, Gómez L, León R, Parra B, Contreras A et al. Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Chilean population. J Periodontol 2005;76:289-94.
36. López NJ. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in progressive adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 2000;71:948-54.
37. López NJ, Mellado JC, Leighton GX. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia in juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1996;23:101-5.
38. Nogueira MA, Fernandez CL, Furman C, Chiappe V, Marcantoni M, Bianchini H. Clinical and microbiological study of adult periodontal disease. Rev Argent Microbiol 2001;33:133-40.
39. Departamento Administrativo de Planeación Distrital. Estratificación. [Consultada: mayo 5 de 2006]. Disponible en: http://www.dapd.gov.co/www/section-1950.jsp
40. Slots J. Rapid identification of important periodontal microorganisms by cultivation. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1986;1:48-57.
41. Chen C, Slots J. Microbiological tests for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999;20:53-64.
42. Slots J. Detection of colonies of Bacteroides gingivalis by a rapid fluorescence assay for trypsin-like activity. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987;2:139-41.
43. Almaguer-Flores A, Jacobo-Soto V, Sánchez-Vargas LO, Lara-Córdoba M, Alcántara-Maruri E, Ximénez-Fyvie LA. Descripción de la microbiota subgingival de sujetos mexicanos con periodontitis
crónica. Rev Odont Mex 2005;9:7-15.
44. Zambon JJ. Periodontal disease: Microbial factors. Ann Periodontol 1996;1:879-925.
45. Loesche WJ. DNA probe and enzyme analysis in periodontal diagnostics. J Periodontol 1992;63(12 Suppl):1102-9.
46. Dahlen G, Widar F, Teanpaisan R, Papapanou PN, Baelum V, Fejerskov O. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a rural adult population in Southern Thailand. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002;
17:137-42.
47. Choi BK, Park SH, Yoo JY, Choi SH, Chai JK, Cho KS et al . Detection of major putative periodontopathogens in Korean advanced adult periodontitis patients using a nucleic acid based approach. J
Periodontol 2000;71:1387-94.
48. Van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Reijerse E, Wolffe GN, van Winkelhoff AJ, Van der Velden U. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia in selected subjects with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1994;21:583-8.
49. Kamma JJ, Nakou M, Gmür R, Baehnl PC. Microbiological profile of early onset/aggressive periodontitis patients. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:314-21.
50. Mullally BH, Dace B, Shelburne CE, Wolff LF, Coulter WA. Prevalence of periodontal pathogens in localized and generalized forms of early-onset periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2000;35:232-41.
51. van Steenbergen Tj, Van der Velden U, Abbas F, de Graaff J. Microflora and bacterial DNA restriction enzyme analysis in young adults with periodontitis. J Periodontol 1991;62:235-41.
52. Conrads G, Mutters R, Fischer J, Brauner A, Lutticken R, Lampert F. PCR reaction and dot-blot hybridization to monitor the distribution of oral pathogens within plaque samples of periodontally healthy individuals. J Periodontol 1996;67:994-1003.
53. Kuboniwa M, Amano A, Kimura KR, Sekine S, Kato S, Yamamoto Y et al. Quantitative detection of periodontal pathogens using real-time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:168-76.
54. Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Campylobacter rectus in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1993;8;4:230-5
55 Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Microbial etiological agents of destructive periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 1994;5:78-111.
56. Contreras A, Doan N, Chen C, Rusitanonta T, Flynn MJ, Slots J. Importance of Dialister pneumosintes in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000;15:269-72.
57. Kamma JJ, Contreras A, Slots J. Herpes viruses and periodontopathic bacteria in early-onset periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:879-85.
58. Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Martín C, Silva A. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction versus culture: a comparison between two methods for the detection and quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31:1061-9.
59. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Savelkoul PH. Comparison of real-time PCR and culture for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4950-4.
Cómo citar
1.
Mayorga-Fayad I, Lafaurie GI, Contreras A, Castillo DM, Barón A, Aya M del R. Microflora subgingival en periodontitis crónica y agresiva en Bogotá, Colombia: un acercamiento epidemiológico. Biomed. [Internet]. 1 de marzo de 2007 [citado 4 de abril de 2025];27(1):21-33. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedicaorg.biteca.online/index.php/biomedica/article/view/230
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2007-03-01
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