Actividad sérica de la acetilhidrolasa del factor activador de plaquetas en pacientes afrodescendientes y mestizos con dengue, Colombia
Palabras clave:
1-alquil-2-acetil-glicerofosfocolina esterasa, dengue, grupos étnicos, Colombia.
Resumen
Introducción. El dengue grave se caracteriza por el aumento de la permeabilidad vascular inducida por citocinas y mediadores químicos; uno de estos es el factor activador de plaquetas. La acetilhidrolasa del factor activador de plaquetas es la enzima responsable de su degradación, y su deficiencia o aumento se ha relacionado con varias enfermedades. Sin embargo, su papel en la infección por dengue es poco conocido, como tampoco se sabe si existe diferente actividad según el grupo étnico.
Objetivo. Comparar la actividad en suero de la acetilhidrolasa del factor activador de plaquetas en dos grupos étnicos con infección por el virus del dengue.
Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo, en dos departamentos de Colombia, Antioquia y Chocó. A 43 pacientes mestizos y a 33 pacientes afrodescendientes con diagnóstico de dengue, se les tomó una muestra de suero por cinco días consecutivos en la fase aguda y una muestra en la de convalecencia.
Resultados. Se observó mayor frecuencia de casos de dengue hemorrágico en los pacientes mestizos que en los afrodescendientes (23,3 % Vs. 12,1 %, p=0,248). La actividad sérica de la acetilhidrolasa del factor activador de plaquetas (mediana, percentil 25 y percentil 75) fue más elevada en afrodescendientes que en mestizos [0,89 (0,72-1,10) Vs. 0,76 (0-1,03), p=0,000]. Este comportamiento se conserva en el dengue clásico [0,89 (0,73-1,10) Vs. 0,73 (0-1,05), p=0,000] y en el hemorrágico [0,88 (0,69-1,12) Vs. 0,83 (0,71-1,08), p=0,893].
Conclusiones. Se encontró mayor producción de acetilhidrolasa del factor activador de plaquetas en los pacientes afrodescendientes. Sin embargo, es necesario hacer estudios de polimorfismos de esta
enzima que permitan obtener resultados concluyentes.
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Referencias bibliográficas
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2. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Estadística en Salud Pública. Vigilancia rutinaria. Fecha de consulta: 6 de abril 2011. Disponible en: http://www.ins.gov.co/?idcategoria=85465#.
3. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Boletín No. 29. Vigilancia epidemia por dengue en Colombia. Fecha de consulta: 23 de agosto 2010. Disponible en: http://new.paho.org/col/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=810&Itemid=468.
4. Kurane I. Dengue hemorrhagic fever with special emphasis on immunopathogenesis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;30:329-40.
5. Cardier JE, Mariño E, Romano E, Taylor P, Liprandi F, Bosch N, et al. Proinflammatory factors present in sera from patients with acute dengue infection induce activation and apoptosis of human microvascular endothelial cells: Possible roll of TNF-α in endothelial cell damage in dengue. Cytokine. 2005;30:359-65.
6. Rosen L. The Emperor's new clothes revisited or reflections on the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;26:337-43.
7. Ricco-Hesse R, Harrison LM, Salas RA, Tovar D, Nisalak A, Ramos C, et al. Origins of dengue type 2 viruses associated with increased pathogenicity in the Americas. Virology. 1997;230:244-51.
8. Balmaseda A, Hammond SN, Pérez L, Tellez Y, Saborío SI, Mercado JC, et al. Serotype-specific differences in clinical manifestations of dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:449-56.
9. Kumaria R. Correlation of disease spectrum among four dengue serotypes: A five years hospital based study from India. Braz J Infect Dis. 2010;14:141-6.
10. Murgue B, Roche C, Chungue E, Deparis X. Prospective study of the duration and magnitude of viraemia in children hospitalized during the 1996-1997 dengue-2 outbreak in French Polynesia. J Med Virol. 2000;60:432-8.
11. Guzmán MG, Kouri G, Valdés L, Bravo J, Álvarez M, Vásquez S, et al. Epidemiological studies on dengue in Santiago de Cuba, 1997. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:793-9.
12. Halstead SB. Pathogenesis of dengue. Challenges to molecular biology. Science. 1988;238:476-81.
13. Rothman AL. Cellular immunology of sequential dengue virus infection and its role in disease pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2010;338:83-98.
14. Chaturvedi UC, Elbishbishi EA, Agarwal R, Raghupathy R, Nagar R, Tandon R, et al. Sequential production of cytokines by dengue virus-infected human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. J Med Virol. 1999;59:335-40.
15. Juffrie M, Meer GM, Hack CE, Haasnoot K, Sutaryo, Veerman AJ. Inflammatory mediators in dengue virus infection in children interleukin-6 and its relation to C-reactive protein and secret phospholipase A2. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:70-5.
16. Pinto LM, Oliveira SO, Braga EL, Nogueira RM, Kubelka CF. Increased pro-inflamatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6) and anti-inflamatory compounds (sTNFRp55 and sTNFRp75) in Brazilian patients during exanthematic dengue fever. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1999;94:387-94.
17. Hober D, Poli L, Roblin B, Gestas P, Chunge E, Granic G, et al. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in dengue-infected patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;48:324-31.
18. Restrepo BN, Isaza DM, Salazar CL, Ramírez R, Ospina M, Álvarez LG. Serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in infants with and without dengue. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2008;41:6-10.
19. Halstead SB, Streit TG, Lafontant JG, Putvatana R, Russell K, Sun W, et al. Haiti: Absence of dengue hemorrhagic fever despite hyperendemic dengue virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:180-3.
20. Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:480-96.
21. Rioth M, Beauharnais CA, Noel F, Ikizler MR, Mehta S, Zhu Y, et al. Serologic imprint of dengue virus in urban Haiti: Characterization of humoral immunity to dengue in infants and young children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:630-6.
22. Bravo J, Guzmán MG, Kouri G. Why dengue hemorrhagic in Cuba? 1. Individual risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;8:816-20.
23. Guzmán MG, Kouri GP, Vásquez S, Rosario D, Bravo JR, Valdés L. DHF epidemics in Cuba, 1981 and 1987: Some interesting observations. Dengue Bull WHO. 1999;23:39-43.
24. Sierra B, Kourí G, Guzmán MG. Race: A risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Arch Virol. 2007;152:533-42.
25. Shekhar KC, Huat OL. Epidemiology of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever in Malaysia: A retrospective epidemiological study 1973-1987. Part I: dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Asia Pac J Public Health. 1992;6:15-25.
26. Kosaka T, Yamaguchi M, Soda Y, Kishimoto T, Tago A, Toyosato M, et al. Spectrophotometric assay for serum platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;296:151-61.
27. Karasawa K, Harada A, Satoh N, Inoue K, Setaka M. Plasma platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Prog Lipid Res. 2003;42:93-114.
28. Oshimoto H, Okamura S, Iida T, Ishikawa T, Hosaka K, Mori M. Diagnostic value of the serum platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2005;207:65-71.
29. Kosaka T, Yamaguchi M, Miyanaga K, Mizuno K. Serum platelet-activating factor acetyhydrolasa (PAF-AH) activity in more than 3000 healthy Japanese. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;312:179-83.
30. Karabina SA, Ninio E. Plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase: an unfulfilled promise? Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1761:1351-8.
31. Arai H, Koizumi H, Aoki J, Inoue K. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). J Biochem. 2002;131:635-40.
32. Lu J, Pierce M, Franklin A, Jilling T, Stafforini DM, Caplan M. Dual roles of endogenous platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in a murine model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res. 2010;68:225-30.
33. Graham RM, Stephens CJ, Silvester W, Leong LL, Sturm MJ, Taylor RR. Plasma degradation of platelet-activating factor in severely ill patients with clinical sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:204-12.
34. Gomes RN, Bozza FA, Amâncio RT, Japiassú AM, Vianna RC, Larangeira AP, et al. Exogenous plateletactivating factor acetylhydrolase reduces mortality in mice with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Shock. 2006;26:41-9.
35. Miwa M, Miyake T, Yamanaka T, Sugatani J, Suzuki Y, Sakata S, et al. Characterization of serum platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase: Correlation between deficiency of serum PAF acetylhydrolase and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. J Clin Invest. 1988;82:1983-91.
36. Caini P, Guerra CT, Giannini C, Giannelli F, Gragnani L, Petrarca A, et al. Modifications of plasma platelet-activating factor (PAF)-acetylhydrolase/PAF system activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:22-8.
37. Guerra CT, Caini P, Giannini C, Giannelli F, Gragnani L, Petrarca A, et al. Effect of chronic hepatitis C virus infection on inflammatory lipid mediators. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39 (Suppl.1):S76-82.
38. Satoh K, Imaizumi T, Kawamura Y, Yoshida H, Takamatsu S, Takamatsu M. Increased activity of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase in plasma low density lipoprotein from patients with essential hypertension. Prostaglandins. 1989;37:673-82.
39. Satoh K, Yoshida H, Imaizumi T, Takamatsu S, Mizuno S. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in plasma lipoproteins from patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1992;23:1091-2.
40. Hofmann B, Ruhling K, Spangenberg P, Ostermann G. Enhanced degradation of platelet-activating factor in serum from diabetic patients. Haemostasis. 1989;19:180-4.
41. Yang KD, Lee CS, Shaio MF. A higher production of platelet activating factor in ex vivo heterologously secondary dengue-2 virus infections. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 1995;42:403-7.
42. Souza DG, Fagundes CT, Sousa LP, Amaral FA, Souza RS, Souza AL, et al. Essential role of platelet-activating factor receptor in the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:14138-43.
43. Seet RC, Lee CY, Lim EC, Quek AM, Yeo LL, Huang SH, et al. Oxidative damage in dengue fever. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;47:375-80.
44. PAHO. Dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas: Guidelines for prevention and control. Scientific publication no. 548. Washington, D.C.: Panamerican Health Organization; 1995.
45. Serebruany VL, Gurbel PA, Murugesan SR, Lowry DR, Sturm E, Svetlov SI. Depressed plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology.1998;90:127-30.
46. Tuttolomondo A, Di Raimondo D, Di Sciacca R, Pinto A, Licata G. Inflammatory cytokines in acute ischemic stroke. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:3574-89.
47. Sonnerborg A, Ayehunie S, Julander I. Elevated levels of circulating tumor necrosis alpha in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected Africans living in Sweden. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1995;2:118-9.
48. Kimball T, Eslwick RK, Shiffman M. Ethnicity and cytokine production gauge responses of patients with hepatitis C to interferon-alpha therapy. J Med Virol. 2001;65: 510-6.
49. Thio CL, Thomas DL, Goedert JJ, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Hilgartner MW, et al. Racial differences in HLA class II associations with hepatitis C virus outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:16-21.
50. Jeffers LJ. Treating hepatitis C in African Americans. Liver Int. 2007;27:313-22.
51. Restrepo BN, Ramírez RE, Arboleda M, Álvarez G, Ospina M, Díaz FJ. Serum levels of cytokines in two ethnic groups with dengue virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:673-7.
52. Blanton RE, Silva LK, Morato VG, Parrado AR, Dias JP, Melo PR, et al. Genetic ancestry and income are associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever in a highly admixed population. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16:762-65.
53. Tjoelker LW, Stafforini DM. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1488:102-23.
54. Fan P, Liu HW, Wang XS, Zhang F, Song Q, Li Q, et al. Identification of the G994T polymorphism in exon 9 of plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene as a risk factor for polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2010;25:1288-94.
55. Ambrosio G, Oriente A, Napoli C, Palumbo G, Chiariello P, Marone G, et al. Oxygen radicals inhibit human plasma acetylhydrolase, the enzyme that catabolizes plateletactivating factor. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:2408-16.
2. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Estadística en Salud Pública. Vigilancia rutinaria. Fecha de consulta: 6 de abril 2011. Disponible en: http://www.ins.gov.co/?idcategoria=85465#.
3. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Boletín No. 29. Vigilancia epidemia por dengue en Colombia. Fecha de consulta: 23 de agosto 2010. Disponible en: http://new.paho.org/col/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=810&Itemid=468.
4. Kurane I. Dengue hemorrhagic fever with special emphasis on immunopathogenesis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;30:329-40.
5. Cardier JE, Mariño E, Romano E, Taylor P, Liprandi F, Bosch N, et al. Proinflammatory factors present in sera from patients with acute dengue infection induce activation and apoptosis of human microvascular endothelial cells: Possible roll of TNF-α in endothelial cell damage in dengue. Cytokine. 2005;30:359-65.
6. Rosen L. The Emperor's new clothes revisited or reflections on the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;26:337-43.
7. Ricco-Hesse R, Harrison LM, Salas RA, Tovar D, Nisalak A, Ramos C, et al. Origins of dengue type 2 viruses associated with increased pathogenicity in the Americas. Virology. 1997;230:244-51.
8. Balmaseda A, Hammond SN, Pérez L, Tellez Y, Saborío SI, Mercado JC, et al. Serotype-specific differences in clinical manifestations of dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;74:449-56.
9. Kumaria R. Correlation of disease spectrum among four dengue serotypes: A five years hospital based study from India. Braz J Infect Dis. 2010;14:141-6.
10. Murgue B, Roche C, Chungue E, Deparis X. Prospective study of the duration and magnitude of viraemia in children hospitalized during the 1996-1997 dengue-2 outbreak in French Polynesia. J Med Virol. 2000;60:432-8.
11. Guzmán MG, Kouri G, Valdés L, Bravo J, Álvarez M, Vásquez S, et al. Epidemiological studies on dengue in Santiago de Cuba, 1997. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:793-9.
12. Halstead SB. Pathogenesis of dengue. Challenges to molecular biology. Science. 1988;238:476-81.
13. Rothman AL. Cellular immunology of sequential dengue virus infection and its role in disease pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2010;338:83-98.
14. Chaturvedi UC, Elbishbishi EA, Agarwal R, Raghupathy R, Nagar R, Tandon R, et al. Sequential production of cytokines by dengue virus-infected human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. J Med Virol. 1999;59:335-40.
15. Juffrie M, Meer GM, Hack CE, Haasnoot K, Sutaryo, Veerman AJ. Inflammatory mediators in dengue virus infection in children interleukin-6 and its relation to C-reactive protein and secret phospholipase A2. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:70-5.
16. Pinto LM, Oliveira SO, Braga EL, Nogueira RM, Kubelka CF. Increased pro-inflamatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6) and anti-inflamatory compounds (sTNFRp55 and sTNFRp75) in Brazilian patients during exanthematic dengue fever. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1999;94:387-94.
17. Hober D, Poli L, Roblin B, Gestas P, Chunge E, Granic G, et al. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in dengue-infected patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;48:324-31.
18. Restrepo BN, Isaza DM, Salazar CL, Ramírez R, Ospina M, Álvarez LG. Serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in infants with and without dengue. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2008;41:6-10.
19. Halstead SB, Streit TG, Lafontant JG, Putvatana R, Russell K, Sun W, et al. Haiti: Absence of dengue hemorrhagic fever despite hyperendemic dengue virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:180-3.
20. Gubler DJ. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:480-96.
21. Rioth M, Beauharnais CA, Noel F, Ikizler MR, Mehta S, Zhu Y, et al. Serologic imprint of dengue virus in urban Haiti: Characterization of humoral immunity to dengue in infants and young children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:630-6.
22. Bravo J, Guzmán MG, Kouri G. Why dengue hemorrhagic in Cuba? 1. Individual risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;8:816-20.
23. Guzmán MG, Kouri GP, Vásquez S, Rosario D, Bravo JR, Valdés L. DHF epidemics in Cuba, 1981 and 1987: Some interesting observations. Dengue Bull WHO. 1999;23:39-43.
24. Sierra B, Kourí G, Guzmán MG. Race: A risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Arch Virol. 2007;152:533-42.
25. Shekhar KC, Huat OL. Epidemiology of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever in Malaysia: A retrospective epidemiological study 1973-1987. Part I: dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Asia Pac J Public Health. 1992;6:15-25.
26. Kosaka T, Yamaguchi M, Soda Y, Kishimoto T, Tago A, Toyosato M, et al. Spectrophotometric assay for serum platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity. Clin Chim Acta. 2000;296:151-61.
27. Karasawa K, Harada A, Satoh N, Inoue K, Setaka M. Plasma platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Prog Lipid Res. 2003;42:93-114.
28. Oshimoto H, Okamura S, Iida T, Ishikawa T, Hosaka K, Mori M. Diagnostic value of the serum platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2005;207:65-71.
29. Kosaka T, Yamaguchi M, Miyanaga K, Mizuno K. Serum platelet-activating factor acetyhydrolasa (PAF-AH) activity in more than 3000 healthy Japanese. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;312:179-83.
30. Karabina SA, Ninio E. Plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase: an unfulfilled promise? Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1761:1351-8.
31. Arai H, Koizumi H, Aoki J, Inoue K. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). J Biochem. 2002;131:635-40.
32. Lu J, Pierce M, Franklin A, Jilling T, Stafforini DM, Caplan M. Dual roles of endogenous platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in a murine model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res. 2010;68:225-30.
33. Graham RM, Stephens CJ, Silvester W, Leong LL, Sturm MJ, Taylor RR. Plasma degradation of platelet-activating factor in severely ill patients with clinical sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:204-12.
34. Gomes RN, Bozza FA, Amâncio RT, Japiassú AM, Vianna RC, Larangeira AP, et al. Exogenous plateletactivating factor acetylhydrolase reduces mortality in mice with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Shock. 2006;26:41-9.
35. Miwa M, Miyake T, Yamanaka T, Sugatani J, Suzuki Y, Sakata S, et al. Characterization of serum platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase: Correlation between deficiency of serum PAF acetylhydrolase and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. J Clin Invest. 1988;82:1983-91.
36. Caini P, Guerra CT, Giannini C, Giannelli F, Gragnani L, Petrarca A, et al. Modifications of plasma platelet-activating factor (PAF)-acetylhydrolase/PAF system activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:22-8.
37. Guerra CT, Caini P, Giannini C, Giannelli F, Gragnani L, Petrarca A, et al. Effect of chronic hepatitis C virus infection on inflammatory lipid mediators. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39 (Suppl.1):S76-82.
38. Satoh K, Imaizumi T, Kawamura Y, Yoshida H, Takamatsu S, Takamatsu M. Increased activity of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase in plasma low density lipoprotein from patients with essential hypertension. Prostaglandins. 1989;37:673-82.
39. Satoh K, Yoshida H, Imaizumi T, Takamatsu S, Mizuno S. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in plasma lipoproteins from patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1992;23:1091-2.
40. Hofmann B, Ruhling K, Spangenberg P, Ostermann G. Enhanced degradation of platelet-activating factor in serum from diabetic patients. Haemostasis. 1989;19:180-4.
41. Yang KD, Lee CS, Shaio MF. A higher production of platelet activating factor in ex vivo heterologously secondary dengue-2 virus infections. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 1995;42:403-7.
42. Souza DG, Fagundes CT, Sousa LP, Amaral FA, Souza RS, Souza AL, et al. Essential role of platelet-activating factor receptor in the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:14138-43.
43. Seet RC, Lee CY, Lim EC, Quek AM, Yeo LL, Huang SH, et al. Oxidative damage in dengue fever. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;47:375-80.
44. PAHO. Dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas: Guidelines for prevention and control. Scientific publication no. 548. Washington, D.C.: Panamerican Health Organization; 1995.
45. Serebruany VL, Gurbel PA, Murugesan SR, Lowry DR, Sturm E, Svetlov SI. Depressed plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology.1998;90:127-30.
46. Tuttolomondo A, Di Raimondo D, Di Sciacca R, Pinto A, Licata G. Inflammatory cytokines in acute ischemic stroke. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:3574-89.
47. Sonnerborg A, Ayehunie S, Julander I. Elevated levels of circulating tumor necrosis alpha in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected Africans living in Sweden. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1995;2:118-9.
48. Kimball T, Eslwick RK, Shiffman M. Ethnicity and cytokine production gauge responses of patients with hepatitis C to interferon-alpha therapy. J Med Virol. 2001;65: 510-6.
49. Thio CL, Thomas DL, Goedert JJ, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Hilgartner MW, et al. Racial differences in HLA class II associations with hepatitis C virus outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:16-21.
50. Jeffers LJ. Treating hepatitis C in African Americans. Liver Int. 2007;27:313-22.
51. Restrepo BN, Ramírez RE, Arboleda M, Álvarez G, Ospina M, Díaz FJ. Serum levels of cytokines in two ethnic groups with dengue virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:673-7.
52. Blanton RE, Silva LK, Morato VG, Parrado AR, Dias JP, Melo PR, et al. Genetic ancestry and income are associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever in a highly admixed population. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16:762-65.
53. Tjoelker LW, Stafforini DM. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1488:102-23.
54. Fan P, Liu HW, Wang XS, Zhang F, Song Q, Li Q, et al. Identification of the G994T polymorphism in exon 9 of plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene as a risk factor for polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2010;25:1288-94.
55. Ambrosio G, Oriente A, Napoli C, Palumbo G, Chiariello P, Marone G, et al. Oxygen radicals inhibit human plasma acetylhydrolase, the enzyme that catabolizes plateletactivating factor. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:2408-16.
Cómo citar
1.
Restrepo BN, Arboleda M, Ramírez R, Álvarez G. Actividad sérica de la acetilhidrolasa del factor activador de plaquetas en pacientes afrodescendientes y mestizos con dengue, Colombia. Biomed. [Internet]. 30 de junio de 2011 [citado 5 de abril de 2025];31(4):599-607. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedicaorg.biteca.online/index.php/biomedica/article/view/451
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