Metabolic resistance to organophosphate insecticides in Anopheles aquasalis Curry 1932, Libertador municipality, Sucre State, Venezuela
Keywords:
Anopheles, insecticides, organophosphate, acetylcholinesterase, esterases, oxidoreductases, insecticide resistance.
Abstract
Introduction. A study of insecticide resistance was undertaken at focal level in the localities Catuaro, Guayana, Platanito and Rio de Agua, Libertador County, Sucre State, Venezuela, a region with malaria transmission, where Anopheles aquasalis is the main vector.Objective. Insecticide resistance was assessed in the organophosphate insecticides fenitrothion and pirimiphos methyl, both of which are used in the control of Anopheles aquasalis.
Materials and methods. In adult mosquitoes, biological tests were performed and identification of resistance mechanisms in vitro by biochemical tests.
Results. Elevated levels of alpha and beta esterases were detected, as well as altered acetylcholinesterase activity. Multifunction oxidase enzymes in populations of Anopheles aquasalis in three of the locations evaluated were also altered; therefore, both enzyme systems may be involved in the expression of resistance to organophosphate insecticides in the study populations. The enzyme activity of glutathione-S-transferase was noted only in Rio de Agua.
Conclusions. A better understanding of the resistance to insecticides was obtained in this species of medical importance. These findings will assist the implementation the practice of insecticide rotation as a strategy within an integrated management program.
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References
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15. Brogdon W, Barber M. Microplate assay of Glutathione-s-transferase activity for resistance detection in single-mosquito triturates. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1990;96:339-42.
16. Brogdon W, McAllister J, Valule J. Hemeperoxidase activity measured in single mosquitoes identifies individuals expressing an elevated oxidase for insecticide resistance. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1997;13:233-7.
17. Hemingway J. Techniques to detect insecticide resistance mechanisms (field and laboratory manual). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
18. Flores A, Salomón J, Fernández I, Ponce G, Loaiza M, Lozano S, et al. Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in field populations of Aedes aegypti (L) from Quintana Roo, Southern Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22:672-7.
19. Montella I, Martins A, Viana-Medeiros P, Pereira J, Braga I, Valle D. Insecticide resistance mechanisms of brazilian Aedes aegyptipopulations from 2001 to 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:467-77.
20. Rodríguez M, Bisset J, Molina D, Díaz C, Soca A. Adaptación de los métodos en placas de microtitulación para la cuantificación de la actividad de esterasas y glutatión-s-transferasa en Aedes aegypti. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2001;53:32-6.
21. Molina de Fernández D, Figueroa LE, Pérez E. Resistencia múltiple a insecticidas en Anopheles marajoara Galvao & Damasceno, 1942 en zonas agrícolas. Salud & Desarrollo Social. 2007;3:19-29.
22. Chareonviriyaphap T, Rongnoparut P, Chantarumporn P, Bangs M. Biochemical detection of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Anopheles minimus in Thailand. J Vector Ecol. 2003;28:108-16.
23. Surendran S, Karunaratne S, Adams Z, Hemingway J, Hawkes N. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Bull Entomol Res. 2005;95:371-80.
24. Penilla R, Rodríguez A, Hemingway J, Torres J, Arredondo-Jiménez J, Rodríguez M. Resistance management strategies in malaria vector mosquito control. Baseline data for a large-scale field trial against Anopheles albimanus in Mexico. Med Vet Entomol. 1998;12:217-33.
25. Dzul F, Penilla R, Rodríguez A. Susceptibilidad y mecanismos de resistencia a insecticidas en Anopheles albimanus del sur de la Península de Yucatán, México. Salud Pública Mex. 2007;49:302-11.
26. Fonseca I. Estatus de la resistencia a insecticidas de los vectores primarios de malaria y dengue en Antioquia, Chocó, Norte de Santander y Putumayo, Colombia. (Tesis doctoral). Medellín: Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia; 2008.
27. Najera JA, Zaim M. Malaria vector control: Decision making criteria and procedures for judicious use of insecticides. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
2. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. Prevention and management in vectors and pests of public health importance. 2006. Fecha de consulta: 6 de octubre 6 de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.irac-online.org/documents/vectormanual.pdf
3. Brogdon W, McAllister J. Insecticide resistance and vector control. Synopses. 1998;4:605-13.
4. Hemingway J, Ranson H. Insecticide resistance in insects vectors of human disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:371-91.
5. Zayed A, Szumlas D, Hanafi H, Fryauff D, Mostafa A, Allam K, et al. Use of bioassay and microplate assay to detect and measure insecticide resistance in field populations of Culex pipiens from filariasis endemic areas of Egypt. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22:473-82.
6. Braga I, Valle D. Aedes aegypti: insecticidas, mecanismos de ação e resistência. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2007;16:279-93.
7. Molina de Fernández D, Saume F, Bisset J, Hidalgo O, Anaya W, González J, et al. Establecimiento de la línea de susceptibilidad de la fase adulta de Anopheles Spp. a insecticidas químicos. Bol Malariol Salud Ambient. 1997;37: 55-69.
8. Berti J, Ramírez X, González J, Herrera M. Evaluación de la efectividad de Bacillus sphaericus contra larvas de Anopheles aquasalis Curry (Diptera: Culicidae) en criaderos naturales del estado Sucre, Venezuela. Entomotropica. 2002;17:1-5.
9. Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud. Informe técnico para el año 2008 de la Dirección de Endemias Rurales, Carúpano, estado Sucre, Venezuela. Carúpano: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud; 2008.
10. Berti J, Zimmerman R, Amarista J. Adult abundance, biting behavior and parity of Anopheles aquasalis Curry 1932 in two malarious areas of Sucre State, Venezuela. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1993;88:363-9.
11. Berti J, Gutiérrez A, Zimmerman R. Relaciones entre tipos de hábitat, algunas variables químicas y la presencia de larvas de Anopheles aquasalis Curry y Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald en un área costera del estado Sucre, Venezuela. Entomotropica. 2004;19:79-84.
12. Brogdon W, McAllister J. Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time mortality determinations in glass bottles. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1998;14:159-64.
13. Figueroa LE, Marín M, Pérez E, Molina de Fernández D. Mecanismos de resistencia a insecticidas organosintéticos en una población de Anopheles aquasalis Curry (Diptera: Culicidae) del estado Aragua. Bol Malariol Salud Ambient. 2006;46:39-47.
14. Brogdon W, Beach R, Stewart J, Castanaza L. Microplate assay analysis of the distribution of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Guatemalan Anopheles albimanus. Bull World Health Organ. 1988;66:339-46.
15. Brogdon W, Barber M. Microplate assay of Glutathione-s-transferase activity for resistance detection in single-mosquito triturates. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1990;96:339-42.
16. Brogdon W, McAllister J, Valule J. Hemeperoxidase activity measured in single mosquitoes identifies individuals expressing an elevated oxidase for insecticide resistance. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1997;13:233-7.
17. Hemingway J. Techniques to detect insecticide resistance mechanisms (field and laboratory manual). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
18. Flores A, Salomón J, Fernández I, Ponce G, Loaiza M, Lozano S, et al. Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in field populations of Aedes aegypti (L) from Quintana Roo, Southern Mexico. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22:672-7.
19. Montella I, Martins A, Viana-Medeiros P, Pereira J, Braga I, Valle D. Insecticide resistance mechanisms of brazilian Aedes aegyptipopulations from 2001 to 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77:467-77.
20. Rodríguez M, Bisset J, Molina D, Díaz C, Soca A. Adaptación de los métodos en placas de microtitulación para la cuantificación de la actividad de esterasas y glutatión-s-transferasa en Aedes aegypti. Rev Cubana Med Trop. 2001;53:32-6.
21. Molina de Fernández D, Figueroa LE, Pérez E. Resistencia múltiple a insecticidas en Anopheles marajoara Galvao & Damasceno, 1942 en zonas agrícolas. Salud & Desarrollo Social. 2007;3:19-29.
22. Chareonviriyaphap T, Rongnoparut P, Chantarumporn P, Bangs M. Biochemical detection of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in Anopheles minimus in Thailand. J Vector Ecol. 2003;28:108-16.
23. Surendran S, Karunaratne S, Adams Z, Hemingway J, Hawkes N. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Bull Entomol Res. 2005;95:371-80.
24. Penilla R, Rodríguez A, Hemingway J, Torres J, Arredondo-Jiménez J, Rodríguez M. Resistance management strategies in malaria vector mosquito control. Baseline data for a large-scale field trial against Anopheles albimanus in Mexico. Med Vet Entomol. 1998;12:217-33.
25. Dzul F, Penilla R, Rodríguez A. Susceptibilidad y mecanismos de resistencia a insecticidas en Anopheles albimanus del sur de la Península de Yucatán, México. Salud Pública Mex. 2007;49:302-11.
26. Fonseca I. Estatus de la resistencia a insecticidas de los vectores primarios de malaria y dengue en Antioquia, Chocó, Norte de Santander y Putumayo, Colombia. (Tesis doctoral). Medellín: Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia; 2008.
27. Najera JA, Zaim M. Malaria vector control: Decision making criteria and procedures for judicious use of insecticides. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
How to Cite
1.
Molina D, Figueroa LE. Metabolic resistance to organophosphate insecticides in Anopheles aquasalis Curry 1932, Libertador municipality, Sucre State, Venezuela. Biomed. [Internet]. 2009 Dec. 1 [cited 2025 Apr. 4];29(4):604-15. Available from: https://revistabiomedicaorg.biteca.online/index.php/biomedica/article/view/138
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2009-12-01
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