Virtual microscopy systems: Analysis and perspectives
Keywords:
Microscopy, biomedical engineering, pathology, user-computer interface, image processing, computer-assisted, education, medical, medical informatics.
Abstract
Microscopy has been constantly evolving since the end of the Twentieth Century, with the introduction of new resources which have improved its practice. For example, the use of the virtual microscope has reached a high level of maturity; it is a synergy among disciplines such as pathology, histology, medical informatics and image analysis. This technology has moved forward many paradigms in research, diagnosis, education and medical training. The virtual microscopy systems require the digitalization of a physical slide, using motorized microscopes, pre and post image processing, compression, transmission and visualization. This article provides an extensive analysis of each of these processes. The main characteristics of virtual microscopy are presented as well as the impact of these systems in image interpretation and in diagnostic activities.Downloads
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References
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5. Gagnon M, Inhorn S, Hancock J. Comparison of cytology proficiency testing: Glass slides Vs. virtual slides. Acta Cytol. 2004;48:788-94.
6. Dee F, Donnelly A, Radio S, Leaven T, Kreiter C, Zaleski MS. Utility of 2 and 3 virtual microscopy in cervical cytology education and testing. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:523-9.
7. Kumar RK, Velan GM, Korell SO, Kandara M, Dee FR, Wakefield D. Virtual microscopy for learning and assessment in pathology. J Pathol. 2004;204:613-5.
8. Dee F, Lehman J, Consoer D, Leaven T, Cohen M. Implementation of virtual microscope slides in the annual pathobiology of cancer workshop laboratory. Hum Pathol. 2003;34:430-6.
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10. Stewart J, Bevans K, Bhattacharya A, Ye C, Miyazaki K, Kurtycz D. Virtual microscopy: An educator's tool for the enhancement of cytotechnology student's locator skills. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36:363-8.
11. Helina H, Lundin M, Lundin J. Web-based virtual microscopy in teaching and standardizing gleason grading. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:381-6.
12. Appleton B, Bradley A, Wildermoth M. Towards optimal image stitching for virtual microscopy. Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. 2005;1:44.
13. Catalyurek U, Beynon MD, Chang C, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. The virtual microscope. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2003;7:230-48.
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17. Gómez F, Romero E. A model for predicting pathologist's velocity profiles when navigating virtual slides. Microsc Res Tech. 2009;73:85-98.
18. Gómez F, Iregui M, Romero E. Prediction of pathologist navigation patterns in virtual microscopy based on a soft-computing approach. Int J Hum Comput Interact. 2008;611:150-6.
19. Zitova B, Flusser J. Image registration methods: A survey. Image Vis Comput. 2003;21:977-1000.
20. Wildermoth M, Bradley A, Mills P. Virtual microscopy with extended depth of field. Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. 2005;1:35.
21. Rosenfeld A, Kak AC. Digital picture processing. Orlando: Academic Press; 1982. p. 106-6.
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24. Clunie D. Lossless compression of grayscale medical images ectiveness of traditional and state of the art approaches. International Society Advancing Light-Based Research. 2000;3980:74.
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29. Sung MM, Kim HJ, Kim EK, Kwak JY, Yoo JK, Yoo HS. Clinical evaluation of JPEG2000 compression for digital mammography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2002;49:827-32.
30. Szot A, Jacobson FL, Munn S. Diagnostic accuracy of chest x-rays acquired using a digital camera for low-cost teleradiology. Int J Med Inform. 2004;73:65-9.
31. Andrade H, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. Multiple query optimization support for the virtual microscope. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:781-802.
32. Wienert S, Beil M, Saeger K, Hufnagl P, Schrader T. Integration and acceleration of virtual microscopy as the key to successful implementation into the routine diagnostic process. Diagn Pathol. 2009;4:3.
33. Chan A, Lau R, Ng B. Motion prediction for caching and prefetching in mouse-driven DVE navigation. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology. 2005;5:70-91.
34. Descampe J, Vleeschouwer C, Iregui M, Macq B, Marqués F. Prefetching and caching strategies for remote and interactive browsing of JPEG2000 images. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2007;16:1339-54.
35. Krupinski E, Tillack A, Richter L, Henderson J, Bhattacharyya A, Scott K, et al. Eye-movement study and human performance using telepathology virtual slides. Implications for medical education and differences with experience. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1543-56.
36. Bussolati G. Dissecting the pathologists brain: Mental processes that lead to pathological diagnoses. Virchows Arch. 2006;448:739-43.
37. Tsuchihashi Y, Mazaki T, Nakasato K, Morishima M, Nagata H, Naito K, et al. The basic diagnostic approaches used in robotic still-image telepathology. J Telemed Telecare. 1999;5:115-7.
38. Tiersma E, Peters A, Mooij A, Fleuren G. Visualising scanning patterns of pathologists in the grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:677-80.
39. Paniagua N. Aplicacion para visualizacion de imagenes 2d y 3d empleando vtk. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 2004;21:7-19.
40. Wang J, Nguyen J, Lo K, Law C, Regula D. Multiresolution browsing of pathology images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 1999:430-4.
41. Zhang Y, Wang JZ. Progressive display of very high resolution images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 2002:944-8.
42. NASA's Kennedy Space Center and Learning Technologies. The virtual microscope. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu
43. MicroBrightField, Inc. Neuroinformática. Web enabled virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://neuroinformatica.com
44. Zaluzec NJ, ANL EMCenter. The MicroScape Virtual Lab. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.microscopy.com/MicroScape/MicroScape.html
45. iPath Diagnostics Ltd. PathXL virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.ipath.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=1&Itemid=68
46. Dee FR, Leaven T, University of Iowa. The virtual Slidebox. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.path.uiowa.edu/virtualslidebox
47. VMscope GmbH. Vmscope. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://vmscope.com/produkte.html
48. Moshfeghi M, Ta J. Efficient image browsing with JPEG2000 internet protocol. Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging 2004, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Imaging Informatics. 2004;5371:259-67.
49. Eichhorn BA. Ole. System and method for viewing virtual slides, United States patent: 20040167806, 2004.
50. Oger M, Belhomme P, Klossa J, Michels JJ, Elmoataz A. Automated región of interest retrieval and classification using spectral analysis. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S17.
51. Kayser K, Schultz H, Goldmann T, Gortler J, Kayser G, Vollmer E. Theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis. Diagn Pathol. 2010;4:6.
52. Gilbertson J, Yagi Y. Histology, imaging and new diagnostic work-flows in pathology. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S14.
53. Schrader, T, Niepage S, Leuthold T, Saeger K, Schluns K, Hufnagl P, et al. The diagnostic path, a useful visualization tool in virtual microscopy. Diagn Pathol. 2006;1:40.
2. Romero E, Gómez F, Iregui M. Virtual microscopy in medical images: A survey. En: Méndez-Vilas A, Diaz J, editores. Microscopy Book Series. Modern research and educational topics in microscopy. Badajoz: Formatex; 2007. p. 996-11.
3. Kim MH, Park Y, Seo D, Lim YJ, Kim D, Kim CW, et al. Virtual microscopy as a practical alternative to conventional microscopy in pathology education. Basic Appl Pathol. 2008;1:46-8.
4. García M, Bueno G, Peces C, González J, Carbajo M. Digital slides in pathology departments (II). An analysis of existing solutions. Revista Española de Patología. 2005;38:207-20.
5. Gagnon M, Inhorn S, Hancock J. Comparison of cytology proficiency testing: Glass slides Vs. virtual slides. Acta Cytol. 2004;48:788-94.
6. Dee F, Donnelly A, Radio S, Leaven T, Kreiter C, Zaleski MS. Utility of 2 and 3 virtual microscopy in cervical cytology education and testing. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:523-9.
7. Kumar RK, Velan GM, Korell SO, Kandara M, Dee FR, Wakefield D. Virtual microscopy for learning and assessment in pathology. J Pathol. 2004;204:613-5.
8. Dee F, Lehman J, Consoer D, Leaven T, Cohen M. Implementation of virtual microscope slides in the annual pathobiology of cancer workshop laboratory. Hum Pathol. 2003;34:430-6.
9. Crowley RS, Naus GJ, Stewart III J, Friedman CP. Development of visual diagnostic expertise in pathology an information processing study. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003;10:39-51.
10. Stewart J, Bevans K, Bhattacharya A, Ye C, Miyazaki K, Kurtycz D. Virtual microscopy: An educator's tool for the enhancement of cytotechnology student's locator skills. Diagn Cytopathol. 2008;36:363-8.
11. Helina H, Lundin M, Lundin J. Web-based virtual microscopy in teaching and standardizing gleason grading. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:381-6.
12. Appleton B, Bradley A, Wildermoth M. Towards optimal image stitching for virtual microscopy. Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. 2005;1:44.
13. Catalyurek U, Beynon MD, Chang C, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. The virtual microscope. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2003;7:230-48.
14. Nikon. Microscopy u. the source for microscopy education. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en:http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/formulas/formulasmagrange.html.
15. Nyquist H. Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory. American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 1928;47:617-28.
16. Iregui M, Gómez F, Romero E. Strategies for efficient virtual microscopy in pathological sample using JPEG2000. Micron. 2007;38:700-13.
17. Gómez F, Romero E. A model for predicting pathologist's velocity profiles when navigating virtual slides. Microsc Res Tech. 2009;73:85-98.
18. Gómez F, Iregui M, Romero E. Prediction of pathologist navigation patterns in virtual microscopy based on a soft-computing approach. Int J Hum Comput Interact. 2008;611:150-6.
19. Zitova B, Flusser J. Image registration methods: A survey. Image Vis Comput. 2003;21:977-1000.
20. Wildermoth M, Bradley A, Mills P. Virtual microscopy with extended depth of field. Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. 2005;1:35.
21. Rosenfeld A, Kak AC. Digital picture processing. Orlando: Academic Press; 1982. p. 106-6.
22. Bracewell R. The Fourier transform and its applications. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1986. p. 300-1.
23. Viola P, Wells W. Alignment by maximization of mutual information. Int J Comput Vis. 1997;24:137-54.
24. Clunie D. Lossless compression of grayscale medical images ectiveness of traditional and state of the art approaches. International Society Advancing Light-Based Research. 2000;3980:74.
25. Clunie D, Rojo MG, García GB, Mateos CP, García JG, Vicente MC. Critical comparison of 31 commercially available digital slide systems in pathology. Int J Surg Pathol. 2006;14:285-305.
26. International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC 15444-1. JPEG2000 Image Coding System. Switzerland: ISO; 2004. p. 1-194.
27. Taubman D, Marcellin MW. JPEG2000 image compression, fundamentals, standards and practice. Norwell: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001. p. 1-773.
28. Krishnan K, Marcellin MW, Bilgin A, Nadar MS. Efficient transmission of compressed data for remote volume visualization. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2006;25:1189-99.
29. Sung MM, Kim HJ, Kim EK, Kwak JY, Yoo JK, Yoo HS. Clinical evaluation of JPEG2000 compression for digital mammography. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2002;49:827-32.
30. Szot A, Jacobson FL, Munn S. Diagnostic accuracy of chest x-rays acquired using a digital camera for low-cost teleradiology. Int J Med Inform. 2004;73:65-9.
31. Andrade H, Kurc T, Sussman A, Saltz J. Multiple query optimization support for the virtual microscope. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:781-802.
32. Wienert S, Beil M, Saeger K, Hufnagl P, Schrader T. Integration and acceleration of virtual microscopy as the key to successful implementation into the routine diagnostic process. Diagn Pathol. 2009;4:3.
33. Chan A, Lau R, Ng B. Motion prediction for caching and prefetching in mouse-driven DVE navigation. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology. 2005;5:70-91.
34. Descampe J, Vleeschouwer C, Iregui M, Macq B, Marqués F. Prefetching and caching strategies for remote and interactive browsing of JPEG2000 images. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2007;16:1339-54.
35. Krupinski E, Tillack A, Richter L, Henderson J, Bhattacharyya A, Scott K, et al. Eye-movement study and human performance using telepathology virtual slides. Implications for medical education and differences with experience. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1543-56.
36. Bussolati G. Dissecting the pathologists brain: Mental processes that lead to pathological diagnoses. Virchows Arch. 2006;448:739-43.
37. Tsuchihashi Y, Mazaki T, Nakasato K, Morishima M, Nagata H, Naito K, et al. The basic diagnostic approaches used in robotic still-image telepathology. J Telemed Telecare. 1999;5:115-7.
38. Tiersma E, Peters A, Mooij A, Fleuren G. Visualising scanning patterns of pathologists in the grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:677-80.
39. Paniagua N. Aplicacion para visualizacion de imagenes 2d y 3d empleando vtk. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 2004;21:7-19.
40. Wang J, Nguyen J, Lo K, Law C, Regula D. Multiresolution browsing of pathology images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 1999:430-4.
41. Zhang Y, Wang JZ. Progressive display of very high resolution images using wavelets. Proc AMIA Symp. 2002:944-8.
42. NASA's Kennedy Space Center and Learning Technologies. The virtual microscope. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu
43. MicroBrightField, Inc. Neuroinformática. Web enabled virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://neuroinformatica.com
44. Zaluzec NJ, ANL EMCenter. The MicroScape Virtual Lab. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.microscopy.com/MicroScape/MicroScape.html
45. iPath Diagnostics Ltd. PathXL virtual microscopy. Fecha de consulta: 18 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.ipath.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=1&Itemid=68
46. Dee FR, Leaven T, University of Iowa. The virtual Slidebox. Fecha de consulta: 15 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://www.path.uiowa.edu/virtualslidebox
47. VMscope GmbH. Vmscope. Fecha de consulta: 17 de enero de 2010. Disponible en: http://vmscope.com/produkte.html
48. Moshfeghi M, Ta J. Efficient image browsing with JPEG2000 internet protocol. Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging 2004, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Imaging Informatics. 2004;5371:259-67.
49. Eichhorn BA. Ole. System and method for viewing virtual slides, United States patent: 20040167806, 2004.
50. Oger M, Belhomme P, Klossa J, Michels JJ, Elmoataz A. Automated región of interest retrieval and classification using spectral analysis. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S17.
51. Kayser K, Schultz H, Goldmann T, Gortler J, Kayser G, Vollmer E. Theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis. Diagn Pathol. 2010;4:6.
52. Gilbertson J, Yagi Y. Histology, imaging and new diagnostic work-flows in pathology. Diagn Pathol. 2008;3(Suppl.1):S14.
53. Schrader, T, Niepage S, Leuthold T, Saeger K, Schluns K, Hufnagl P, et al. The diagnostic path, a useful visualization tool in virtual microscopy. Diagn Pathol. 2006;1:40.
How to Cite
1.
Marín D, Romero E. Virtual microscopy systems: Analysis and perspectives. Biomed. [Internet]. 2011 Apr. 16 [cited 2025 Apr. 4];31(1):144-55. Available from: https://revistabiomedicaorg.biteca.online/index.php/biomedica/article/view/345
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