Validity and reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale on Colombians adolescent students
Keywords:
Reproducibility of results, validity of tests, depressive disorder, major, adolescent psychiatric, psychiatric status rating scales
Abstract
Introduction. Major depressive disorder is the second major cause of adolescent psychological incapacitation in Latin-America. However, scales for detecting these disorders have not been validated for screening adolescents in Colombia.Objective. The validity and reliability of a Spanish translation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D)-Depression scale was assessed in adolescent students.
Materials and methods. A validation study for a diagnostic scale was performed with a sample of 390 adolescent students from Bucaramanga, Santander Province, in northwestern Colombia. The students were evaluated by two methods: (a) the CPS-depression scale and (b) a semi-structured clinical interview. Three to 28 days after the interview, the scale was re-applied. Criterion validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability was analyzed.
Results. The mean age was 14.8±1.2 years old. The prevalence of major depressive disorder was 11.5%. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.85. The area under the curve produced by the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.82, and the cut point of ≥23 showed a sensitivity of 73.3%; specificity, 73.6%; positive predictive value, 26.6%, and negative predictive value, 95.5%. Lin´s coefficient of concordance was 0.75.
Conclusions. The validity and reliability of the Spanish translation of the CES-D scale were similar to those reported in the international literature although with a higher cut point.
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References
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34. Radloff LS, Locke BZ. The Community Mental Health Assessment Survey and the CES-D scale. En: Weissman M, Myers J, Ross C, editors. Community surveys. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 1986.
35. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Grimson RC, Wagner EH. Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:791-800.
36. Radloff LS. The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale in adolescents and young adults. J Youth Adolesc. 1991;20:149-66.
37. Roberts RE, Andrews JA, Lewinsohn PM, Hops H. Assessment of depression in adolescents using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Psychol Assessment. 1990;2:122-8.
38. Rushton JL, Forcier M, Schectman RM. Epidemiology of depressive symptoms in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:199-205.
39. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Grimson RC, Wagner EH. Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents. Am J Epidemiol. 1982; 116:791-800.
40. Fava GA. Assessing depressive symptoms across cultures: Italian validation of the CES-D self-rating scale. J Clin Psychol. 1983;39:249-51.
41. Roberts RE, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30:58-66.
42. Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, van Limbeek J, Braam AW, De Vries MZ, van Tilburg W. Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in The Netherlands. Psychol Med. 1997;27:231-5.
43. Boyd JH, Weissman MM, Thompson D, Myers JK. Screening for depression in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:195-9.
44. Breslau N. Depressive symptoms, major depression, and generalized anxiety: a comparison of self-reports on CES-D and results from diagnostic interviews. Psychiatry Res. 1985;15:219-29.
2. Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ. Mental health, educational, and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:225-31.
3. Richardson JL, Radziszewska B, Dent CW, Flay BR. Relationship between after-school care of adolescents and substance use, risk taking, depressed mood, and academic achievement. Pediatrics. 1993;92:32-8.
4. Shrier LA, Harris SK, Beardslee WR. Temporal associations between depressive symptoms and self-reported sexually transmitted disease among adoles-cents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:599-606.
5. Evans E, Hawton K, Rodham K, Deeks J. The prevalence of suicidal phenomena in adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2005;35:239-50.
6. Newman DL, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Magdol L, Silva PA, Stanton WR. Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from ages 11 to 21. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64:552-62.
7. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:510-9.
8. Stover E, Fenton W, Rosenfeld A, Insel TR. Depression and comorbid medical illness: the National Institute of Mental Health perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:184-6.
9. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Prevalence and comorbidity of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a birth cohort of 15-year-olds. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32:1127-34.
10. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, Myers JK, Kramer M, Robins LN, et al. One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic characteristics: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;88:35-47.
11. Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:979-86.
12. Kessler D, Lloyd K, Lewis G, Gray DP. Cross sectional study of symptom attribution and recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care. Br Med J. 1999;318:436-9.
13. Froom J, Schlager DS, Steneker S, Jaffe A. Detection of major depressive disorder in primary care patients. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1993;6:5-11.
14. Wu P, Hoven CW, Bird HR, Moore RE, Cohen P, Alegria M, et al. Depressive and disruptive disorders and mental health service utilization in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:1081-90
15. Bauer M, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Versiani M, Moller HJ, World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBF) Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Unipolar Depressive Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. Part 2: Maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder and treatment of chronic depressive disorders and subthreshold depressions. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002;3:69-86.
16. Rao U, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Dahl RE, Williamson DE, Kaufman J, et al. Unipolar depression in adolescents: Clinical outcome in adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:566-78.
17. Rey JM, Grayson D, Mojarrad T, Walter G. Changes in the rate of diagnosis of major depression in adolescents following routine use of a depression rating scale. Aus N Z Psychiatry. 2002;36:229-33.
18. McDowell I. Measuring Health. Depression. In: McDowell I, Newell C. A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. Second edition. Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press; 1996.
19. Wilcox H, Field T, Prodromidis M, Scafidi F. Correlations between the BDI and CES-D in a sample of adolescent mothers. Adolescence. 1998;33:565-74.
20. Radloff L. A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measure. 1977;1:385-401.
21. Campo-Arias A, Díaz-Martínez LA, Rueda-Jaimes GE, Cadena-Afanador LP, Hernández NL. Psychometric properties of CES-D scale among Colombian adults from the general population. Rev Col Psiquiatr. 2007;36:664-74.
22. Obuchowski NA. Sample size calculations in studies of test accuracy. Stat Methods Med Res. 1998;7:371-92.
23. Silva L. Diseño razonado de muestras y captación de datos para la investigación sanitaria. Primera edición. Madrid: Díaz de Santos; 2000.
24. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB. Entrevista clínica estructurada para los trastornos de eje I del DSM-IV (versión clínica) SCID-I. Barcelona: Masson; 1999.
25. Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of test. Psychometrika. 1951;16:297-334.
26. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837-45.
27. Beck JR, Shultz EK. The use of relative operating characteristics (ROC) curves in test performance evaluation. Arch Lab Pathol Med. 1986;110:13-20.
28. Kraemer H. Sensitivity and specificity: The signal detection approach. Evaluating medical tests: Objective and quantitative guidelines. First edition. California: Sage Publications; 1992.
29. Lin LI-K. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989;45:255-68.
30. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307-10.
31. Bradley EL, Blackwood LG. Comparing paired data: a simultaneous test for means and variances. American Statistician. 1989;43:234-5.
32. StataCorp. Stata statistic software: release 9.0. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP; 2005.
33. Irwing L, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, Lijmer J. Designing studies to ensure that estimates of test accuracy are transferable. BMJ. 2002;324:669-71.
34. Radloff LS, Locke BZ. The Community Mental Health Assessment Survey and the CES-D scale. En: Weissman M, Myers J, Ross C, editors. Community surveys. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press; 1986.
35. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Grimson RC, Wagner EH. Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:791-800.
36. Radloff LS. The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale in adolescents and young adults. J Youth Adolesc. 1991;20:149-66.
37. Roberts RE, Andrews JA, Lewinsohn PM, Hops H. Assessment of depression in adolescents using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Psychol Assessment. 1990;2:122-8.
38. Rushton JL, Forcier M, Schectman RM. Epidemiology of depressive symptoms in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:199-205.
39. Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Grimson RC, Wagner EH. Use of a symptom scale to study the prevalence of a depressive syndrome in young adolescents. Am J Epidemiol. 1982; 116:791-800.
40. Fava GA. Assessing depressive symptoms across cultures: Italian validation of the CES-D self-rating scale. J Clin Psychol. 1983;39:249-51.
41. Roberts RE, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30:58-66.
42. Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, van Limbeek J, Braam AW, De Vries MZ, van Tilburg W. Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in The Netherlands. Psychol Med. 1997;27:231-5.
43. Boyd JH, Weissman MM, Thompson D, Myers JK. Screening for depression in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:195-9.
44. Breslau N. Depressive symptoms, major depression, and generalized anxiety: a comparison of self-reports on CES-D and results from diagnostic interviews. Psychiatry Res. 1985;15:219-29.
How to Cite
1.
Rueda-Jaimes GE, Camacho PA, Latorre JF, Navarro-Mancilla Álvaro A, Escobar M, Franco JA. Validity and reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale on Colombians adolescent students. Biomed. [Internet]. 2009 Dec. 18 [cited 2025 Apr. 4];29(2):260-9. Available from: https://revistabiomedicaorg.biteca.online/index.php/biomedica/article/view/28
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2009-12-18
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