Detection of yellow fever virus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in wild monkeys: a sensitive tool for epidemiologic surveillance
Keywords:
Yellow fever/virology, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Alouatta, primates, epidemiologic surveillance
Abstract
Introduction. Yellow fever is a zoonotic infection maintained in nature by non-human primates. Appropriate surveillance with sensitive laboratory techniques is necessary to evidence viral activity in the tropical forest habitats of these primates.Objective. Yellow fever virus was detected in hepatic tissue samples from non-human primates by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique using specific primers for diagnosis.
Materials and methods. Hepatic tissue samples were processed from five monkeys belonging genus Alouatta spp found dead in sylvatic areas of Cesar and Magdalena Provinces, Colombia, between December 2003 and June 2004. Samples were treated with lysis buffer prior to the isolation of viral RNA, which was then subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using yellow fever-specific primers. Simultaneously, viral proteins were identified by immunohistochemistry on parafin-embedded hepatic tissue.
Results. The PCR method amplified fragments of the expected size (424 bp) in four of the tested samples. In addition, these samples showed a positive reaction by immunohistochemistry, supporting the evidence that the virus was present.
Conclusion. The detection of yellow fever virus in wild monkeys was clear evidence of enzootic activity in northern Colombia. Increased probability of yellow fever transmission among human populations is indicated due to urbanization processes as a consequence of forced migration and displacement of the human populations. Molecular tests for rapid and specific detection of yellow fever in tissue samples of non-human primates is an important tool for epidemiologic surveillance. Rapid virus identification will permit the timely activation of control systems for prevention of further cases and epidemic situations.
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References
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2003;23:232-8.
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25. Groot H. Resumen de notas históricas sobre la fiebre amarilla en Colombia. Iatreia. 2004;17:14.
26. Rodríguez G, Ordóñez N, Boshell J. 1998: un año sin casos de fiebre amarilla por viscerotomía. Inf Qinc Epidemiol Nac. 1999;4:3-7.
27. Monath TP, Nystrom RR. Detection of yellow fever virus in serum by enzyme immunoassay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:151-7.
28. Deubel V, Huerre M, Cathomas G, Drouet MT, Wuscher N, LeGuenno B, et al. Molecular detection and characterization of yellow fever virus in blood and liver specimens of a non-vaccinated fatal human case. J Med Virol. 1997;53:212-7.
29. Wang E, Weaver SC, Shope RE, Tesh RB, Watts DM, Barret AD. Genetic variation in yellow fever virus: duplication in the 3´noncoding region of strains from Africa. Virology. 1996;225:274-81.
30. Bryant JE, Barret AD. Comparative phylogenies of yellow fever isolates from Peru and Brazil. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;39:103-18.
2. Digoutte JP, Cornet M, Deubel V, Downs WG. Yellow fever. En: Porterfield JS, editor. Exotic viral infections. London: Chapman & Hall Medical; 1995. p.67-102.
3. Oyewale T. Yellow fever in Africa: public health impact and prospects for control in the 21st century. Biomédica. 2002;22:178-93.
4. Robertson SE, Hull BP, Tomori O, Bele O, LeDuc JW, Esteves K. Yellow fever. A decade of re-emergence. JAMA. 1996;276:1157-62.
5. Tesh R. Viral hemorrhagic fevers of South America. Biomédica. 2002;22:178-93.
6. Vidales H, Buitrago B, Sanín LH, Morales A, Groot H. Estudio de un brote epidémico de fiebre amarilla selvática en el piedemonte de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1979. Biomédica. 1981;1:171-8.
7. Groot H, Morales A, Romero M, Ferro C, Prías E, Vidales H, et al. Estudios de arbovirus en Colombia en la década de 1970. Biomédica. 1996;16:331-44.
8. Cáceres DC. La fiebre amarilla y su vigilancia en salud pública. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 1999;4:7-11.
9. García I, Velandia MP, Olano VA, Molina J, Salas T, Bernal MP, et al. Sistema de vigilancia centinela sobre enfermedades febriles transmitidas por vectores con énfasis en fiebre amarilla, dengue y malaria en los departamentos de Caquetá, Nariño, Putumayo, La Guajira y Valle, 2000. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2001;6:1-8.
10. Porras A, de la Hoz F, Velandia MP, Ramírez O, Buitrago LS, Herrera M, et al. Informe epidemiológico sobre un posible brote de fiebre amarilla en el departamento del Meta, 30 de mayo a 1º de junio de 2001. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2001;6:273-6.
11. Vera MJ, Velandia MP, Rodríguez G, Neira M, Bernal MP, Méndez JA, et al. Fiebre amarilla selvática en la región del Catatumbo, Colombia 2003. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2004;9:49-53.
12. Velandia MP, Vera MJ, García I, Bernal MP, Méndez JA, Olano V, et al. Fiebre amarilla. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2004;9:148-56.
13. Vera N. Situación de la fiebre amarilla en Colombia, semanas 1 a 35 de 2005. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2005;10:241-7.
14. Barros ML, Boecken G. Jungle yellow fever in the central Amazon. Lancet. 1996;348:969-70.
15. Barrett AD, Monath TP. Epidemiology and ecology of yellow fever virus. Adv Virus Res. 2003;61:291-315.
16. Weaver SC, Barrett AD. Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2:789-801.
17. Lepiniec L, Dalgarno L, Huong VT, Monath TP, Dogoutte JP, Deubel V. Geographic distribution and evolution of yellow fever viruses based on direct sequencing of genomic cDNA fragments. J Gen Virol. 1994;75:417-23.
18. Mutebi JP, Wang H, Li L, Bryant JE, Barret AD. Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among yellow fever virus isolates in Africa. J Virol. 2001;75:6999-7008.
19. Vasconcelos PF, Costa ZG, Travassos Da Rosa ES, Luna E, Rodrigues SG, Barros VL et al. Epidemic of jungle yellow fever in Brazil, 2000: Implications of climatic alterations in disease spread. J Med Virol. 2001;65:598-604.
20. Rodríguez G, Velandia M, Boshell J. Fiebre amarilla: la enfermedad y su control. Bogotá: Instituto Nacional de Salud; 2003.
21. Méndez JA, Rodríguez G, Bernal MP, Calvache D, Boshell J. Detección molecular del virus de la fiebre amarilla en muestras de suero de casos fatales humanos y en cerebros de ratón. Biomédica.
2003;23:232-8.
22. Monath TP, Ballinger ME, Miller BR, Salaun JJ. Detection of yellow fever viral RNA by nucleic acid hybridization and viral antigen by immunocytochemistry in fixed human liver. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;40:663-8.
23. Ricaurte O, Sarmiento L, Caldas ML, Rodríguez G. Evaluación de un método inmunohistoquímico para el diagnóstico de la fiebre amarilla. Biomédica. 1993;13:15-9.
24. Groot H, Boshell J. Dengue, dengue hemorrágico y fiebre amarilla. En: Chalem F, Escandon JE, Campos J, Esguerra R, editores. Medicina interna. Bogotá: Doyma Andina S.A.; 1992. p.1389-95.
25. Groot H. Resumen de notas históricas sobre la fiebre amarilla en Colombia. Iatreia. 2004;17:14.
26. Rodríguez G, Ordóñez N, Boshell J. 1998: un año sin casos de fiebre amarilla por viscerotomía. Inf Qinc Epidemiol Nac. 1999;4:3-7.
27. Monath TP, Nystrom RR. Detection of yellow fever virus in serum by enzyme immunoassay. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:151-7.
28. Deubel V, Huerre M, Cathomas G, Drouet MT, Wuscher N, LeGuenno B, et al. Molecular detection and characterization of yellow fever virus in blood and liver specimens of a non-vaccinated fatal human case. J Med Virol. 1997;53:212-7.
29. Wang E, Weaver SC, Shope RE, Tesh RB, Watts DM, Barret AD. Genetic variation in yellow fever virus: duplication in the 3´noncoding region of strains from Africa. Virology. 1996;225:274-81.
30. Bryant JE, Barret AD. Comparative phylogenies of yellow fever isolates from Peru and Brazil. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;39:103-18.
How to Cite
1.
Méndez JA, Parra Édgar, Neira M, Rey GJ. Detection of yellow fever virus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in wild monkeys: a sensitive tool for epidemiologic surveillance. Biomed. [Internet]. 2007 Sep. 1 [cited 2026 Jan. 12];27(3):461-7. Available from: https://revistabiomedicaorg.biteca.online/index.php/biomedica/article/view/209
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